Monday 15 October 2012

INDIAN HISTORY AT A GLANCE BY YOGESH



Indian History Time Line
5000 BCThe Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans)
3120 BCMythical Indian war of the Mahabarata
3000 BCThe proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia
3000 BCDravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley
2500 BCThe cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley
2000 BCThe civilization of the Indus Valley declines
2000 BCThe Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran
1700 BCIndo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran
1600 BCIndo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians
1500 BCReligious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language
1100 BCThe Indo-Aryans use iron tools
1000 BCThe Rig-Veda are composed
900 BCIndo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley
750 BCIndo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas ("great states") in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges
700 BCThe caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top
600 BCThe Upanishads are composed in Sanskrit
543 BCBimbisara of Bihar conquers the Magadha region in the northeast and moves the capital to Rajagriha
527 BCPrince Siddhartha Gautama is enlightened and becomes the Buddha
521 BCDarius of Persia expands the Persian empire beyond the Indus River (Punjab and Sind)
500 BCThe ascetic prince Mahavira founds Jainism in northern India
493 BCBimbisara dies and is succeeded by Ajatashatru
461 BCAjatashatru dies after expanding the Magadha territory
400 BCPanini's grammar (sutra) formalizes Sanskrit, an evolution of Vedic
327 BCAlexander of Macedonia invades the Indus valley
323 BCAt the death of Alexander, Seleucus obtains India (Punjab)
304 BCThe Magadha king Chandragupta Maurya buys the Indus valley for 500 elephants from Seleucus, and thus founds the Maurya dynasty with capital in Patna (Pataliputra)
300 BCThe Ramayana is composed
300 BCThe Chola dynasty rules over southern India with capital in Thanjavur
290 BCThe Mauryan king Bindusara, son of Chandragupta, extends the empire to the Deccan
259 BCThe Mauryan king Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, converts to Buddhism and sends out Buddhist missionaries to nearby states
251 BCAshoka's son Mahinda introduces Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
250 BCDiodotos, ruler of the satrapy of Bactria (Afghanistan), declares its independence from the Seleucids and conquers Sogdiana
250 BCBuddhists carve the first cave temples (Lomas Rishi)
232 BCAshoka dies
220 BCThe Maurya dynasty under Ashoka's son Bindusara expands to almost all of India
206 BCSeleucid king Antiochus III conquers Punjab
200 BCThe Mahabarata is composed
200 BCDemetrios I expands Bactria to northwestern India
200 BCThe Andhras occupy the Indian east coast
184 BCThe Maurya ruler Brihadratha is assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga/Shunga, the Maurya dynasty ends and the Sunga dynasty begins
190 BCBactrian king Euthydemus defeats Seleucid king Antiochus III at Magnesia
170 BCBatrian king Demetrios I expands Bactria to northwestern India
155 BCBactrian king Menander invades northwestern India
150 BCPatanjali writes the "Yoga Sutras"
150 BCThe Andhras under king Krishna move their capital to Paithan
150 BCThe "Kama" sutra is composed
100 BCIndia is mainly divided among Bactria (northwest), Andhras (east) and Sungas (south)
100 BCThe Bhagavata Gita is composed
80 BCThe Scythians (Sakas) under Bhumaka conquer northwestern India from Bactria
78 BCThe Sunga dynasty ends
50 BCKing Simuka installs the Satavahanas in Andhra Pradesh and extends his kingdom to the whole of the Deccan plateau
50 BCThe Scythians (Sakas) conquer Muttra and Taxila
50 ADThomas, an apostle of Jesus, visits India
50 ADThe first Buddhist stupa at Sanchi
127? ADKanishka, king of the Kushan, enlarges the kingdom from Bactria into Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Punjab, moves the capital to Peshawar and promotes Buddhism
162 ADKushan king Kanishka dies
200 ADThe Manu code prescribes the rules of everyday life and divides Hindus into four castes (Brahmins, warriors, farmers/traders, non-Aryans)
233 ADArdashir I Sassanid conquers the Kushan empire
250 ADThe Satavahanas disintegrate
300 ADThe Pallava dynasty is founded in Kanchi
318 ADChandra Gupta founds the Gupta kingom in Magadha and extends its domains throughout northern India with capital at Patna
350 ADSamudra Gupta extends the Gupta kingdom to Assam, Deccan, Malwa
350 ADThe Kadambas of Karnataka rule from Banavasi
350 ADThe Sangam is compiled in the Tamil language in the kingdom of Madurai
350 ADThe Puranas are composed (a compendium of Hindu mythology)
380 ADBuddhist monks carve two giant Buddha statues in the rock at Bamiya, Bactria (Afghanistan)
390 ADChandra Gupta II extends the Gupta kingdom to Gujarat
400 ADThe Shakas kingdom in Gujarat and Sindh dissolves
400 ADThe Licchavi family unites Nepal
450 ADThe Gupta king Kumargupta builds the monastic university of Nalanda (near Patna)
455 ADThe Huns raid the Gupta empire (Punjab and Kashmir)
465 ADKing Harisena of the Vakataka dynasty begins work at the Ajanta caves
499 ADThe Hindu mathematician Aryabhata writes the "Aryabhatiya", the first book on Algebra
500 ADBhakti cult in Tamil Nadu
510 ADHuns led by Mihiragula conquer Punjab, Gujarat and Malwa from the Gupta
528 ADThe Gupta empire collapses under continuous barbaric invasions
535 ADCave-temple of Elephanta Island (Bombay)
550 ADThe Chalukyan kingdom is established in central India with capital in Badami
578 ADBadami shrines in Karnataka
600 ADShakti cult (mother-goddess)
600 ADThe Pallava dynasty dominates southern India from Kanchi
602 ADTibet is unified under Namri Songtsen
606 ADHarsha Vardhana, a Buddhist, builds the kingdom of Thanesar in north India and Nepal with capital at Kanauij in the Punjab
625 ADPulikesin extends the Chalukyan empire in central India
629 ADThe Chinese monk Xuanzang (Huang Tsang) travels to India
629 ADTibet expands to Nepal under Songtsen Gampo
630 ADSongzen Gampo introduces Buddhism to Bhutan
647 ADThanesar king Harsha Vardhana is defeated by the Chalukyas (based in Karnataka) at Malwa (central India)
650 ADEllora caves
650 ADThe Pallavas rule from their capital at Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) are defeated by the Chalukyas
670 ADThe Pallavas build a new city at Mamallapuram
700 ADThe Mahavamsa is composed in the Pali language in Ceylon
700 ADThe Shore temple at Mamallapuram
700 ADThe Pallavas rule southern India from their capital Kanchipuram
711 ADThe Arabs conquer Sindh and Multan (Pakistan)
723 ADKathmandu is founded in Nepal
730 ADKing Lalitaditya rules in Kashmir
750 ADTemples of Bhubaneshwar and Puri
750 ADThe Gurjara-Pratiharas rule the north of India
750 ADThe Palas rule eastern India
753 ADThe Rashtrakutas, a Chalukya dynasty, expand from the Deccan into south and central India
757 ADThe capital of the Chalukyan kingdom is moved from Badami to Pattadakal
757 ADThe Kailasa temple at Ellora
775 ADThe Rashtrakutas are defeated by the Chalukyas, who move the capital at Kalyani (Mysore)
775 ADKrishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty builds the rock-cut Kailasha Temple at Ellora
784 ADThe Pratihara king Nagabhata II conquers the sacred capital of the north, Kanyakubja
800 ADKingdoms are created in central India and in Rajastan by Rajputs (warlords)
800 ADShankar (Samkara) Acharya founds the Hinduist monastery of Sringeri
842 ADThe Tibetan emperor Langdarma is assassinated and the empire disintegrates
846 ADThe Cholas regain independence from the Pallavas
871 ADSindh and Multan (Pakistan) are de facto independent from the Baghdad caliphate
885 ADThe Pratihara empire reaches its peak under Adivaraha Mihira Bhoja I, extending from Punjab to Gujarat to Central India
888 ADThe Pallava dynasty ends
890 ADFirst Hindu temples at Khajuraho
900 ADThe Bhagavata Purana is composed in Sanskrit
950 ADThe Tomara Rajputs gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Delhi
950 ADThe Chandellas gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradresh)
977 ADSebaktigin, a slave general, founds the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan, northern India and Central Asia
985 ADRajaraja Chola I extends the Chola empire to all of south India and builds the temple of Thanjavur
997 ADMahmud of Ghazni raids northern India
998 ADMahmud of Ghazni conquers Punjab
1000 ADThe tribal chieftain Nripa Kama conquers the area between the Cholas (south) and the Badami Chalukyas (north) and founds the Hoysala dynasty
1000 ADLingaraja and Rajarani temples at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
1000 ADThe Shahi state is annexed to the Ghaznavid empire
1000 ADThe Chola king Rajaraja builds the Brihadeshvara Temple in Thanjavur (Tanjore)
1014 ADRajendra Chola I becomes the Chola ruler of the south and defeats the Palas in Bengal
1017 ADThe Cholas conquer Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1019 ADMahmud Ghaznavid raids north India and destroys Kanauj, capital of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire
1030 ADThe Ghaznavid empire conquers Punjab
1030 ADThe Solanki kings build the Jain temples at Mount Abu
1050 ADThe Chola empire conquers Srivijaya, Malaya and the Maldives
1070 ADVijayabahu I of Rohanna expels the Cholas from Ceylon and moves the capital to Polonnaruva
1084 ADMahipala brings the Palas to the peak of their power
1150 ADThe Senas conquer the Palas
1153 ADParakramabahu I of Ceylon moves the capital to Polonnaruva and builds the gigantic artificial lake of Parakrama Samudra
1175 ADGhurid Turks defeat the Ghazni Turks in the Punjab and the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire
1190 ADThe Chalukya empire is split among Hoysalas (south), Yadavas and Kakatiyas
1192 ADTurkic-speaking chieftains from Afghanistans led by Muhammad of Ghor defeat Prithvi Raj, capture Delhi and establish a Muslim sultanate at Delhi
1197 ADThe Ghuris destroy the Hindu monasteries at Nalanda and Vikramashila
1211 ADIltutmish Shams becomes the sultan of Delhi
1206 ADThe Ghurid prince Qutb al-Din Aybak becomes the first sultan of Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)
1225 ADQutb al-Din Aybak builds the Qutb Minar in Delhi, the tallest minaret in the world
1250 ADThe Urdu language develops by absorbing elements of Persian, Arabic and Indian dialects
1250 ADA temple to the Sun in the form of a giant chariot is built at Konarak
1250 ADEnd of the Chola dynasty
1266 ADOne of Iltutmish's slaves, Baban, seizes power of the Delhi sultanate, and welcomes Islamic refugees fleeing the Mongol hordes the Delhi sultanate
1288 ADThe Italian explorer Marco Polo visits India
1290 ADJalal al-Din Firuz founds the Khalji sultanate
1300 ADThe Tamil establish a kingdom in Ceylon
1303 ADJalal al-Din Firuz rebuilds Delhi
1304 ADMongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
1321 ADJordanus, a Dominican monk, is the first Christian missionary in India
1325 ADMuhammad ibn Tughluq becomes sultan of Delhi
1327 ADsultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq moves his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Deogiri) in the Deccan
1328 ADThe Mongols invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
1333 ADThe Muslim explorer Ibn Battuta travels to India
1336 ADThe southernmost province of the Delhi sultanate declares independence
1341 ADBengal (under Fakhruddin Mubarak) declares its independence from the Delhi sultanate
1343 ADThe southern kingdom builds its capital at Vijayanagar (Hampi)
1345 ADMuslim nobles revolt against Muhammad ibn Tughluq, declare their independence from the Delhi sultanate, and found the Bahmani dynasty in the Deccan
1346 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom conquers the Hoysalas
1346 ADThe Hoysala dynasty disintegrates
1349 ADMuslims raid Kathmandu in Nepal
1350 ADThe Kadambas empire disintegrates into the dynasties of Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar
1370 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom conquers the Muslim sultanate of Madura (Tamil Nadu)
1382 ADJaya Sthiti of the Malla dynasty seizes power in Nepal
1387 ADThe Kalan Masjid is built in Delhi
1398 ADTimur invades India and sacks Delhi, causing demise of the Delhi Sultinate
1490 ADGuru Nanak Dev founds Sikhism and the city of Amritsar
1497 ADBabur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur, becomes the ruler of Ferghana and founds the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
1498 ADThe Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches India
1509 ADPortugal conquers Diu and Goa in India
1509 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom reaches its zenith under Krishna Raja
1526 ADBabur captures Delhi from Ibrahim, the sultan of Delhi, and founds the Mogul empire in India
1530 ADBabur dies and his son Humayun succeeds him
1534 ADPortugal acquires Bombay
1539 ADViswanatha founds the Nayak dynasty with capital in Madurai (south India)
1540 ADBabur's son Humayun loses the empire to Afghan Leader Sher Shah and goes into exile in Persia
1550 ADThe Jain complex at Palitana
1555 ADThe Mogul king Humayun reconquers India
1556 ADThe Mogul king Humayun dies and his son Akbar becomes the ruler of India
1562 ADAkbar marries Padmini, a Hindu princess of the Rajaputana kingdom
1565 ADFour Muslim kingdoms ally to destroy the Vijyanagar kingdom at the battle of Talikota
1565 ADMysore, a former Vijayanagar principality, becomes independent under the Wodeyars
1600 ADThe British East India Company is established.
1605 ADAkbar dies and is succeeded by his son Jahangir
1617 ADJahangir's son, prince Khurram, pacifies the southern states and receives the title of Shah Jahan
1623 ADThirumala Nayakan brings Madurai to its maximum glory
1627 ADShivaji (Sivaji) founds the Maratha kingdom
1627 ADJahangir dies and Shah Jahan succeeds him
1631 ADShah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal
1639 ADBritain acquires Madras from the raja of Chandragiri
1649 ADThe Vijayanagar empire dissolves
1658 ADShah Jahan's son Aurangajeb overthrows the government and seizes power
1665 ADBritian acquires Bombay from Portugal
1672 ADFrance settles Pondicherry
1688 ADThe Moguls complete the conquest of India
1690 ADBritain acquires Calcutta
1699 ADGuru Gobind Singh creates the Sikh armed wing of the Akalis
1707 ADAurangjeb dies, destabalizing the Mogul Empire
1710 ADFrom the Mogul empire a number of kingdoms arise: Sikhs (Punjab), Rajputs (Rajasthan), and Marathas (West India)
1713 ADThe prime minister (peshwa) of Maratha, Balaji Vaishvanath, becomes the real ruler of the Maratha kingdom and the peshwa becomes a hereditary title
1724 ADThe Mogul emperor Asaf Jah retires to become the ruler of Hyderabad
1736 ADThe Nayak dynasty ends in south India (Madurai is bought by the British)
1738 ADPersian general Nader Shah invades India and captures Delhi
1747 ADNader Shah is assassinated
1751 ADBy capturing the town of Arcot from the French, Britain becomes the leading colonial power in India
1757 ADAt the battle of Plassey the East India company defeats France and gains access to Bengal
1758 ADThe Marathas conquer Punjab
1761 ADThe Marathas rule over most of northern India
1761 ADAfghani invaders led by Ahmad Durani defeat the Marathas at Panipat, thus starting the decline of the Maratha empire
1764 ADBritain expands to Bengal and Bihar
1769 ADA famine kills ten million people in Bengal
1773 ADWarren Hastings, governor of Bengal (India), establishes a monopoly on the sale of opium
1776 ADThe Marathas conquer Mysore
1794 ADThe Marathas conquer Delhi
1802 ADThe Sikh maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes the Sikh kingdom with political capital in Lahore and religious capital in Amritsar
1803 ADBritain takes Delhi from the Marathas
1815 ADCeylon is occupied by the British, who ferry Tamil workers from India
1816 ADNepal becomes a British protectorate
1849 ADBritain annexes the Sikh kingdom of Punjab
1853 ADThe British build the first Indian railway
1857 ADIndian rebels begin the first war of independence
1858 ADPower on the Indian colony is transferred to the British government
1862 ADBahadur Shah II dies, the Mogul dynasty ends and India becomes a British colony
1882 ADMirza Ghulam Ahmed founds in Punjab the Islamic missionary movement of the Ahmedis who oppose jihad, believe that Jesus died in Srinagar and call for a non-violent Islam
1885 ADThe Indian National Congress is founded
1904 ADBritish troops occupy Tibet
1906 ADThe All-India Muslim League is founded
1913 ADThe 13th Dalai Lama proclaims Tibet an independent country
1916 ADThe Lucknow Pact unites the Congress and the League in their fight for independence from Britain
1920 ADMahatma Gandhi founds the non-violent liberation movement Satyagraha
1921 ADJawaharlal Nehru is arrested for civil disobedience
1921 ADOnly 13% of Indian men and 1.8% of Indian women can read and write
1921 AD156,000 British citizens rule over 306 million Indian subjects
1922 ADGandhi is imprisoned following terrorist acts against the British
1923 ADBritain recognises Nepal's independence
1927 ADMaulana Muhammad Ilyas founds in India the Tablighi, up a missionary movement to spread orthodox Islam worldwide
1930 ADAllama Iqbal calls for a separate homeland for the Muslims
1930 ADGandhi unleashes "civil disobedience" against the British
1933 ADThe 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet dies
1933 ADThe term Pakistan is coined to denote the country of Punjabi, Afghani, Kashmiri, Sini and Baluchistani people
1937 ADFirst elections are held, won by Congress
1940 ADTenzin Gyatso becomes the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet
1942 ADNehru replaced Gandhi as the recognized leader of the National Congress party
1944 ADGandhi is released from prison
1947 ADLord Mountbatten announces the partition of the colony in two independent countries, India and Pakistan
1947 ADOne million people die in communal violence due to the partition
1947 ADFollowing rioting by the Muslim majority in Kashmir, Pakistani troops attack India and occupy part of Kashmir
1947 ADJawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of India
1947 ADTibet requests India to return land annexed by India as part of several Indian states
1948 ADMahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist
1948 ADMuhammed Ali Jinnah, the prime minister of Pakistan, dies and is succeeded by Liaquat Ali Khan
1948 ADIndia refuses to allow the plebiscite in Kashmir and Kashmir separatism is born (40,000 people will die in 55 years)
1948 ADCeylon becomes independent and the government of Don Stephen Senanayake revokes the citizenship of the Tamil minority
1949 ADTo quell an uprising, India invades the independent country of Sikkim
1949 ADIndia signs a treaty with Bhutan to conduct its foreign policy
1950 ADMao's China invades Tibet
1951 ADPakistan's leader Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated, while general Muhammad Ayub Khan is appointed chief of the army
1952 ADIndia holds the first general elections, won by the Congress Party
1954 ADThe USA becomes the main provider of military goods and training for Pakistan
1955 ADPolygamy is abolished in India
1956 ADPakistan enacts a new constitution and becomes an Islamic republic
1956 ADPrime minister Nehru of India fosters a neutral stance between communism and capitalism and founds the Non-Aligned Movement
1956 ADThe Sinhalese nationalist (and buddhist) party gains power and Solomon Bandaranaike becomes prime minister
1957 ADIndia annexes Kashmir
1958 ADGeneral Ayyub Khan takes over Pakistan's government in a coup
1959 ADA Tibetan uprising against the Chinese fails in Lhasa and the Dalai Lama flees Tibet (87,000 Tibetans killed)
1959 ADSolomon Bandaranaike is assassinated by a Buddhist monk and is succeeded by his widow, Sirimavo
1960 ADKing Mahendra seizes power in Nepal
1961 ADPakistani president Ayub Khan signs a cooperation pact with the USA to counterbalance Soviet influence in India
1961 ADIndia invades the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu
1962 ADPakistan signs a border treaty with China
1962 ADIndia fights and loses a border war with China in Assam
1963 ADKumar Patel invents the laser
1964 ADIndian prime minister Nehru dies
1965 ADIndia and Pakistan fight another war over Kashmir
1966 ADIndira Gandhi, daughter of Nehru, becomes prime minister of India
1969 ADPakistani leader Ayyub Khan is succeeded by another general, Yahya Khan
1970 ADThe secessionist Awami League led by Sheik Mujibur Rahman wins the elections in East Pakistan
1971 ADDefended by India, East Pakistan separates from West Pakistan and becomes the independent country of Bangladesh under the rule of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1971 ADThe Sinhalese Maoist Janata Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) movement foments political riots
1972 ADKing Mahendra of Nepal dies and is succeeded by Birendra
1972 ADCeylon changes its name to Sri Lanka and becomes a socialist republic
1973 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes prime minister of Pakistan
1973 ADBalochistan rebels against Pakistan
1974 AD28,000 people die in floods in Bangladesh
1974 ADPakistan recognizes Bangladesh
1974 ADIndia detonates an underground nuclear weapon
1974 ADSikkim votes overwhelmingly to join India
1975 ADBangladesh's leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is assassinated in a military coup led by general Zia Rahman
1975 ADIndia annexes Sikkim
1975 ADEmbroiled in scandals, Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency, under which her political foes are imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under censorship
1976 ADTo curb population growth, Indira Gandhi initiates a program of forced sterilization
1976 ADIndia's prime minister Indira Gandhi signs a cooperation pact with the Soviet Union
1976 ADThe Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam is founded to protect the rights of the Tamil minority and wins the elections in Tamil-dominated regions
1977 ADBangladesh enacts a new constitution and becomes an Islamic republic
1977 ADPakistan quells the rebellion in Balochistan (after 8,000 people died)
1977 ADThe corrupt government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is overthrown by a military coup led by general Zia ul-Haq, a Muslim fundamentalist who reinstates public hangings, death by stoning and public beatings according to Islamic law
1978 ADThe Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China is opened, thereby increasing trade and military cooperation between the two countries
1978 ADSri Lanka becomes a presidential republic and Junius Richard Jayawardene is appointed president replacing prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike with Ranasinghe Premadasa
1978 ADThe Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) conducts the first terrorist attack in Sri Lanka
1979 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto is hanged
1980 ADUS uses Pakistan to help rebels fighting the Soviet Union in Afghanistan
1981 ADBangladesh's leader Rahman Zia is assassinated in a military coup
1982 ADBangladesh is ruled by general Ershad, an Islamic fundamentalist who eventually declares Islam as the state religion
1983 ADThe Tamil issue becomes a military issue after confrontation between Tamil tigers and the army leaves hundreds dead
1984 ADWhile fighting the Sikh secessionist movement of Jarnail Singh Bindranwale, Indian troops enter the holy Sikh shrine of the "Golden Temple"
1984 ADIndira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh bodyguards and is succeeded by her son Rajiv
1984 ADA leak at the Union Carbide pesticides plant in Bhopal causes 14,000 deaths
1985 ADSikh militants plant a bomb on an Air India flight out of Canada killing all 329 passengers
1986 ADIndia rigs Kashmir elections and Kashmir separatists takes up arms
1987 ADFirst suicide bombing by a Tiger in Sri Lanka
1987 ADIndia deploys troops in Sri Lanka in a peacekeeping mission
1987 ADIndia sends a peace-keeping force to broker a truce between the army and the Tamil tigers (1,200 Indian soldiers will die)
1987 ADThe Tamil Tigers start using suicide bombers
1987 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with Iran to sell nuclear secrets
1988 ADPolitical violence claims the lives of thousands in Sri Lanka before and after national elections
1988 ADAn Indian ferry capsizes on the Ganges River, killing over 400 people
1988 ADZia, the US ambassador and top Pakistan army officials die in mysterious air crash
1988 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir wins the general elections in Pakistan
1988 ADMillions of people are left homeless during massive floods
1989 ADRanasinghe Premadasa is elected president of Sri Lanka
1989 ADRajiv Gandhi is the first Indian prime minister to visit Pakistan
1989 ADTibetans revolt against the occupying Chinese troops and hundreds are killed
1989 ADThe separatist group Hizbul Mujahideen is founded in India-controlled Kashmir
1990 ADIndian troops withdrawn from Sri Lanka
1990 ADBenazir Bhutto is removed from prime minister of Pakistan, on charges of incompetence and corruption, and is succeeded by Nawaz Sharif
1990 ADPakistan funds and arms Islamic volunteers to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan
1990 ADIslamic terrorism in Kashmir increases against the Indian occupying troops
1990 ADIndian troops leave Sri Lanka
1990 ADthe All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) is founded by Lalit Debbarma to fight for Tripura's secession from India
1991 ADNepal holds its first democratic elections that herald an age of political instability (eleven governments in eleven years)
1991 ADThe Indian army attacks Sikh strongholds in Punjab killing more than 3,300 civilians
1991 ADRajiv Gandhi is assassinated by Tamil separatists and succeeded by Narasimha Rao
1991 ADIn Bangladesh, president Ershad is sentenced to jail for corruption and Begum Khaleda Zia, widow of Zia Rahman, becomes prime minister
1991 ADA tsunami kills 138,000 people in Bangladesh
1991 ADIndia liberalizes its protectionist economy
1992 ADHindu extremists destroy a mosque in Ayodhya
1992 ADTamil tigers kill dozens of Muslims in Sri Lanka
1993 ADMuslims and Hindus riot in Bombay (800 people died)
1993 ADMuslim terrorists detonate several bombs in Mumbai killing 250 people
1993 ADBenazir Bhutto wins national elections again in Pakistan
1995 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with North Korea to sell nuclear secrets
1993 ADA bombing campaign by Tamil rebels in Sri Lanka kills even president Premadasa
1993 ADA bomb destroys the Bombay stock exchange
1994 ADMuslim separatists plant bombs in Kashmir, killing dozens
1994 ADChandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga is elected president of Sri Lanka and appoints her mother Sirimavo Bandaranaike as prime minister
1995 ADThe Nepal Communist Party begins an armed insurrection in Nepal
1995 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with Libya to sell nuclear secrets
1995 ADAzam Tariq, a Pakistani Sunny cleric leader of the pro-Taliban party Sipah-i-Sahaba, publicly calls for attacks on Shiites in Pakistan
1996 ADPakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is removed again on charges of corruption
1996 ADPakistan helps the Taliban overthrow the Afghan government
1996 ADSheikh Hasina Wajed, the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wins the elections in Bangladesh
1996 ADTamil rebels bomb the capital of Sri Lanka
1996 ADThe Nationalist Party wins the election and Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes prime minister
1997 ADThe Muslim League wins general elections in Pakistan
1997 ADNawaz Sharif is elected prime minister of Pakistan
1998 ADPakistan provides North Korea with nuclear technology in exchange for missile technology
1998 ADIndia and Pakistan conduct nuclear tests
1998 ADMassive floods in Bangladesh
1998 AD211 die in a train collision in the Punjab
1998 ADA Muslim fundamentalist, Tablighi Muslim Rafiq Tarar, is elected president of Pakistan
1999 ADBenazir Bhutto is sentenced to jail in absentia
1999 ADEscalation of violence in Kashmir between Indian troops and freedom fighters backed by Pakistan
1999 ADPakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif is overthrown in a military coup led by general Pervez Musharraf
1999 ADA cyclone devastates the Indian state of Orissa killing 10,000 people
1999 AD285 die in a train collision near Calcutta
1999 ADThe world's largest Tibetan tangka is completed (a 1,500 square meter, 1,000 kg scroll)
2000 ADThe population of India is one billion
2000 ADThe Tamil leader Velupillai Prabhakaran offers peace talks to the Sri Lankan government
2001 ADKing Birendra of Nepal and his entire family are killed by a crown prince, and Gyanendra becomes the new king
2001 ADKing Gyanendra declares a state of emergency after dozens are killed by Maoists
2001 ADAn earthquakes kills 30,000 people in the Indian state of Gujarat
2001 ADSkirmishes between the Indian and Bangladeshi armies leave 20 soldiers dead
2001 ADThe Islamic government of Afghanistan destroy the century-old Buddha statues of Bamiyan
2001 ADPakistan helps the US fight the Taliban in Afghanistan
2001 ADMuslim separatists attack the Parliament in New Delhi
2001 ADSeveral bombs kill more than 30 people in Bangladesh
2001 ADKhaleda Zia wins the election in Bangladesh
2001 ADRanil Wickremesinghe wins Sri Lanka's elections and becomes prime minister after campaigning on a peace platform
2001 ADThe Kumbh Mela pilgrimage at Allahabad draws at least 20 million pilgrims
2002 ADRaids by Maoist rebels leave 127 people dead in Nepal
2002 ADFollowing the burning of a train by Muslim cleric Maulana Hussain Umarij, ethnic rioting erupts in Gujarat that kills 1,000 people, mainly Muslims
2002 ADPeace talks begin between Sri Lanka's prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and the Tamil rebels (the civil war has killed over 64,000 people)
2002 ADIslamic militants increase attacks on Kashmir and other Indian states
2002 ADThe first democratic elections are held in Pakistan since 1999 and Zafarullah Khan Jamali becomes prime minister
2003 ADIslamic terrorists attack a Shiite mosque and kill nine people
2003 ADIslamic terrorists execute up 24 Hindu civilians in Kashmir
2003 ADIndia vaccinates 165 million children to eradicate polio
2003 ADTripura separatist rebels kill 22 Bengali villagers
2003 ADMembers of the Sunni terrorist group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi kill eleven police officers of the Shia community in Baluchistan, Pakistan
2003 ADA ferry capzised in Bangladesh killing over 400 people
2003 AD34 people are killed by separatists in northeastern India
2003 AD46 people are killed in two bomb attacks in Bombay by the Islamic group "Students Islamic Movement of India" (SIMI)
2003 ADAzam Tariq, a Pakistani Sunny cleric leader of the pro-Taliban party Sipah-i-Sahaba, is killed
2003 ADPakistani president Pervez Musharraf survives two assassination attempts
2004 ADPakistan's top nuclear scientist, Abdul Qadeer Khan, confesses on tv that he helped Iran, Libya and North Korea acquire nuclear technology
2004 ADThe war between Maoist rebels and the Nepalese army leaves hundreds of people dead
2004 ADThe party of Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga wins elections in Sri Lanka against the party of prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and Mahinda Rajapakse is appointed prime minister
2004 ADPakistan carries out a 12-day military offensive in South Waziristan on the border with Afghanistan to dislodge Al Waeda and Taliban fighters
2004 ADDespite an economic boom, a third of Indians live on less than a dollar a day
2004 ADthe Congress Party wins national elections but its leader, Italian-born Sonia Gandhi, lets Manmohan Singh, a Sikh, become India's new prime minister
2004 ADBangalore has 150,000 software engineers, more than the Silicon Valley in California
2004 AD29 Indians are killed in Kashmir by a bomb planted by Islamic separatists
2004 ADA ferry sinks in Bangladesh killing about 160 people
2004 AD43 Shiite Muslims are killed during a religious festival in Pakistan by Sunni extremists of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (march) and a bomb blast kills 15 people at a Shia mosque in Karachi (may) in retaliation for the killing of a top Sunni Muslim cleric, Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai
2004 ADBomb blasts at a Sunni gathering kill 39 people in Pakistan and bomb blasts at a Shia mosque kill 19
2004 ADMaoist rebels control 68 of Nepal's 75 districts
2004 ADTen people are killed in a bomb blast in Quetta, Pakistan
2004 ADTsunamis caused by one of the strongest earthquakes in history (9.0 magnitude) kill thousands in Southeast Asia
2005 ADMore than 30 people are killed in a bomb blast at the Fatehpu shrine in Pakistan
2005 ADChina and India sign a treaty in which China gives up any claim on the state of Sikkim
2005 ADA bomb blast at a Muslim shrine in Pakistan's capital Islamabad kills at least 20 people
2005 ADRebels throw rockets at president Musharraf in Balochistan
2005 ADAn bomb by Hizbul Mujahideen kills nine Indian soldiers in Kashmir
2005 ADPakistan expels foreign Islamic students, who frequently support terrorism
2005 ADPakistan launches its first long-range nuclear-capable missile and its first cruise missile
2005 ADSri Lankan foreign minister Lakshman Kadirgamar is assassinated by members of the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE)
2005 AD350 bombs planted by Islamic fundamentalists of Jamayetul Mujahedin detonate in Bangladesh
2005 ADTamil Tiger rebels in Sri Lanka agree to hold direct talks with the government
2005 ADAsif Chotto, head of the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi that killed hundreds of Pakistani shiites, is arrested
2005 ADBombs set by Kashmiri militants of Lashkar-e-Toiba kill 59 people in New Delhi
2005 ADMaoists (Naxalites) kill 24 police officers in India
2005 ADMuslims in Sangla Hill (Punjab) destroy two Catholic churches and two schools because they think that someone has burned a copy of the Quran
2005 ADSri Lanka's prime minister Mahinda Rajapakse wins presidential elections
2005 ADSeven people are killed by Islamic terrorists of Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen in Bangladesh, the first suicide bombing in the country's history
2005 AD900 people are killed in 2005 in violence related to the Maoist insurgency of the Naxalites
2006 AD23 shiites are killed by a suicide bomber in Pakistan
2006 ADMaoists (Naxalites) kill 25 people in India
2006 ADBangladesh arrests Abdur Rahman, leader of terrorist organization Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen
2006 ADThe USA and India sign a nuclear agreement
2006 ADBombs kill more than 20 people in Varanasi
2006 AD25 Muslims are killed in Pakistan during fights between rival factions
2006 AD47 people are killed in a suspected suicide bomb attack at a Sunni religious gathering in Karachi, Pakistan
2006 ADMassive pro-democracy protests in Nepal
2006 ADIslamists kill 35 hindus in Kashmir
2006 ADTamil Tiger rebels sink a Sri Lanka navy gunboat in a sea battle that leaves at least 45 people dead
2006 AD58 people die when a bus hits a landmine in Sri Lanka
2006 ADPakistan kills 25 Baloch rebels of Nawab Akbar Bugti's militia
2006 ADMultiple terrorist bombs in Mumbai kill more than 200 people
2006 ADGovernment troops and Tamil Tiger rebels fight on three fronts in Sri Lanka despite the 2002 ceasefire agreement

INDIAN HISTORY AT A GLANCE BY YOGESH



Indian History Time Line
5000 BCThe Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans)
3120 BCMythical Indian war of the Mahabarata
3000 BCThe proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia
3000 BCDravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley
2500 BCThe cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley
2000 BCThe civilization of the Indus Valley declines
2000 BCThe Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran
1700 BCIndo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran
1600 BCIndo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians
1500 BCReligious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language
1100 BCThe Indo-Aryans use iron tools
1000 BCThe Rig-Veda are composed
900 BCIndo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley
750 BCIndo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas ("great states") in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges
700 BCThe caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top
600 BCThe Upanishads are composed in Sanskrit
543 BCBimbisara of Bihar conquers the Magadha region in the northeast and moves the capital to Rajagriha
527 BCPrince Siddhartha Gautama is enlightened and becomes the Buddha
521 BCDarius of Persia expands the Persian empire beyond the Indus River (Punjab and Sind)
500 BCThe ascetic prince Mahavira founds Jainism in northern India
493 BCBimbisara dies and is succeeded by Ajatashatru
461 BCAjatashatru dies after expanding the Magadha territory
400 BCPanini's grammar (sutra) formalizes Sanskrit, an evolution of Vedic
327 BCAlexander of Macedonia invades the Indus valley
323 BCAt the death of Alexander, Seleucus obtains India (Punjab)
304 BCThe Magadha king Chandragupta Maurya buys the Indus valley for 500 elephants from Seleucus, and thus founds the Maurya dynasty with capital in Patna (Pataliputra)
300 BCThe Ramayana is composed
300 BCThe Chola dynasty rules over southern India with capital in Thanjavur
290 BCThe Mauryan king Bindusara, son of Chandragupta, extends the empire to the Deccan
259 BCThe Mauryan king Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, converts to Buddhism and sends out Buddhist missionaries to nearby states
251 BCAshoka's son Mahinda introduces Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
250 BCDiodotos, ruler of the satrapy of Bactria (Afghanistan), declares its independence from the Seleucids and conquers Sogdiana
250 BCBuddhists carve the first cave temples (Lomas Rishi)
232 BCAshoka dies
220 BCThe Maurya dynasty under Ashoka's son Bindusara expands to almost all of India
206 BCSeleucid king Antiochus III conquers Punjab
200 BCThe Mahabarata is composed
200 BCDemetrios I expands Bactria to northwestern India
200 BCThe Andhras occupy the Indian east coast
184 BCThe Maurya ruler Brihadratha is assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga/Shunga, the Maurya dynasty ends and the Sunga dynasty begins
190 BCBactrian king Euthydemus defeats Seleucid king Antiochus III at Magnesia
170 BCBatrian king Demetrios I expands Bactria to northwestern India
155 BCBactrian king Menander invades northwestern India
150 BCPatanjali writes the "Yoga Sutras"
150 BCThe Andhras under king Krishna move their capital to Paithan
150 BCThe "Kama" sutra is composed
100 BCIndia is mainly divided among Bactria (northwest), Andhras (east) and Sungas (south)
100 BCThe Bhagavata Gita is composed
80 BCThe Scythians (Sakas) under Bhumaka conquer northwestern India from Bactria
78 BCThe Sunga dynasty ends
50 BCKing Simuka installs the Satavahanas in Andhra Pradesh and extends his kingdom to the whole of the Deccan plateau
50 BCThe Scythians (Sakas) conquer Muttra and Taxila
50 ADThomas, an apostle of Jesus, visits India
50 ADThe first Buddhist stupa at Sanchi
127? ADKanishka, king of the Kushan, enlarges the kingdom from Bactria into Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Punjab, moves the capital to Peshawar and promotes Buddhism
162 ADKushan king Kanishka dies
200 ADThe Manu code prescribes the rules of everyday life and divides Hindus into four castes (Brahmins, warriors, farmers/traders, non-Aryans)
233 ADArdashir I Sassanid conquers the Kushan empire
250 ADThe Satavahanas disintegrate
300 ADThe Pallava dynasty is founded in Kanchi
318 ADChandra Gupta founds the Gupta kingom in Magadha and extends its domains throughout northern India with capital at Patna
350 ADSamudra Gupta extends the Gupta kingdom to Assam, Deccan, Malwa
350 ADThe Kadambas of Karnataka rule from Banavasi
350 ADThe Sangam is compiled in the Tamil language in the kingdom of Madurai
350 ADThe Puranas are composed (a compendium of Hindu mythology)
380 ADBuddhist monks carve two giant Buddha statues in the rock at Bamiya, Bactria (Afghanistan)
390 ADChandra Gupta II extends the Gupta kingdom to Gujarat
400 ADThe Shakas kingdom in Gujarat and Sindh dissolves
400 ADThe Licchavi family unites Nepal
450 ADThe Gupta king Kumargupta builds the monastic university of Nalanda (near Patna)
455 ADThe Huns raid the Gupta empire (Punjab and Kashmir)
465 ADKing Harisena of the Vakataka dynasty begins work at the Ajanta caves
499 ADThe Hindu mathematician Aryabhata writes the "Aryabhatiya", the first book on Algebra
500 ADBhakti cult in Tamil Nadu
510 ADHuns led by Mihiragula conquer Punjab, Gujarat and Malwa from the Gupta
528 ADThe Gupta empire collapses under continuous barbaric invasions
535 ADCave-temple of Elephanta Island (Bombay)
550 ADThe Chalukyan kingdom is established in central India with capital in Badami
578 ADBadami shrines in Karnataka
600 ADShakti cult (mother-goddess)
600 ADThe Pallava dynasty dominates southern India from Kanchi
602 ADTibet is unified under Namri Songtsen
606 ADHarsha Vardhana, a Buddhist, builds the kingdom of Thanesar in north India and Nepal with capital at Kanauij in the Punjab
625 ADPulikesin extends the Chalukyan empire in central India
629 ADThe Chinese monk Xuanzang (Huang Tsang) travels to India
629 ADTibet expands to Nepal under Songtsen Gampo
630 ADSongzen Gampo introduces Buddhism to Bhutan
647 ADThanesar king Harsha Vardhana is defeated by the Chalukyas (based in Karnataka) at Malwa (central India)
650 ADEllora caves
650 ADThe Pallavas rule from their capital at Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) are defeated by the Chalukyas
670 ADThe Pallavas build a new city at Mamallapuram
700 ADThe Mahavamsa is composed in the Pali language in Ceylon
700 ADThe Shore temple at Mamallapuram
700 ADThe Pallavas rule southern India from their capital Kanchipuram
711 ADThe Arabs conquer Sindh and Multan (Pakistan)
723 ADKathmandu is founded in Nepal
730 ADKing Lalitaditya rules in Kashmir
750 ADTemples of Bhubaneshwar and Puri
750 ADThe Gurjara-Pratiharas rule the north of India
750 ADThe Palas rule eastern India
753 ADThe Rashtrakutas, a Chalukya dynasty, expand from the Deccan into south and central India
757 ADThe capital of the Chalukyan kingdom is moved from Badami to Pattadakal
757 ADThe Kailasa temple at Ellora
775 ADThe Rashtrakutas are defeated by the Chalukyas, who move the capital at Kalyani (Mysore)
775 ADKrishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty builds the rock-cut Kailasha Temple at Ellora
784 ADThe Pratihara king Nagabhata II conquers the sacred capital of the north, Kanyakubja
800 ADKingdoms are created in central India and in Rajastan by Rajputs (warlords)
800 ADShankar (Samkara) Acharya founds the Hinduist monastery of Sringeri
842 ADThe Tibetan emperor Langdarma is assassinated and the empire disintegrates
846 ADThe Cholas regain independence from the Pallavas
871 ADSindh and Multan (Pakistan) are de facto independent from the Baghdad caliphate
885 ADThe Pratihara empire reaches its peak under Adivaraha Mihira Bhoja I, extending from Punjab to Gujarat to Central India
888 ADThe Pallava dynasty ends
890 ADFirst Hindu temples at Khajuraho
900 ADThe Bhagavata Purana is composed in Sanskrit
950 ADThe Tomara Rajputs gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Delhi
950 ADThe Chandellas gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradresh)
977 ADSebaktigin, a slave general, founds the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan, northern India and Central Asia
985 ADRajaraja Chola I extends the Chola empire to all of south India and builds the temple of Thanjavur
997 ADMahmud of Ghazni raids northern India
998 ADMahmud of Ghazni conquers Punjab
1000 ADThe tribal chieftain Nripa Kama conquers the area between the Cholas (south) and the Badami Chalukyas (north) and founds the Hoysala dynasty
1000 ADLingaraja and Rajarani temples at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
1000 ADThe Shahi state is annexed to the Ghaznavid empire
1000 ADThe Chola king Rajaraja builds the Brihadeshvara Temple in Thanjavur (Tanjore)
1014 ADRajendra Chola I becomes the Chola ruler of the south and defeats the Palas in Bengal
1017 ADThe Cholas conquer Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1019 ADMahmud Ghaznavid raids north India and destroys Kanauj, capital of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire
1030 ADThe Ghaznavid empire conquers Punjab
1030 ADThe Solanki kings build the Jain temples at Mount Abu
1050 ADThe Chola empire conquers Srivijaya, Malaya and the Maldives
1070 ADVijayabahu I of Rohanna expels the Cholas from Ceylon and moves the capital to Polonnaruva
1084 ADMahipala brings the Palas to the peak of their power
1150 ADThe Senas conquer the Palas
1153 ADParakramabahu I of Ceylon moves the capital to Polonnaruva and builds the gigantic artificial lake of Parakrama Samudra
1175 ADGhurid Turks defeat the Ghazni Turks in the Punjab and the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire
1190 ADThe Chalukya empire is split among Hoysalas (south), Yadavas and Kakatiyas
1192 ADTurkic-speaking chieftains from Afghanistans led by Muhammad of Ghor defeat Prithvi Raj, capture Delhi and establish a Muslim sultanate at Delhi
1197 ADThe Ghuris destroy the Hindu monasteries at Nalanda and Vikramashila
1211 ADIltutmish Shams becomes the sultan of Delhi
1206 ADThe Ghurid prince Qutb al-Din Aybak becomes the first sultan of Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)
1225 ADQutb al-Din Aybak builds the Qutb Minar in Delhi, the tallest minaret in the world
1250 ADThe Urdu language develops by absorbing elements of Persian, Arabic and Indian dialects
1250 ADA temple to the Sun in the form of a giant chariot is built at Konarak
1250 ADEnd of the Chola dynasty
1266 ADOne of Iltutmish's slaves, Baban, seizes power of the Delhi sultanate, and welcomes Islamic refugees fleeing the Mongol hordes the Delhi sultanate
1288 ADThe Italian explorer Marco Polo visits India
1290 ADJalal al-Din Firuz founds the Khalji sultanate
1300 ADThe Tamil establish a kingdom in Ceylon
1303 ADJalal al-Din Firuz rebuilds Delhi
1304 ADMongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
1321 ADJordanus, a Dominican monk, is the first Christian missionary in India
1325 ADMuhammad ibn Tughluq becomes sultan of Delhi
1327 ADsultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq moves his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Deogiri) in the Deccan
1328 ADThe Mongols invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
1333 ADThe Muslim explorer Ibn Battuta travels to India
1336 ADThe southernmost province of the Delhi sultanate declares independence
1341 ADBengal (under Fakhruddin Mubarak) declares its independence from the Delhi sultanate
1343 ADThe southern kingdom builds its capital at Vijayanagar (Hampi)
1345 ADMuslim nobles revolt against Muhammad ibn Tughluq, declare their independence from the Delhi sultanate, and found the Bahmani dynasty in the Deccan
1346 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom conquers the Hoysalas
1346 ADThe Hoysala dynasty disintegrates
1349 ADMuslims raid Kathmandu in Nepal
1350 ADThe Kadambas empire disintegrates into the dynasties of Goa, Hanagal and Chandavar
1370 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom conquers the Muslim sultanate of Madura (Tamil Nadu)
1382 ADJaya Sthiti of the Malla dynasty seizes power in Nepal
1387 ADThe Kalan Masjid is built in Delhi
1398 ADTimur invades India and sacks Delhi, causing demise of the Delhi Sultinate
1490 ADGuru Nanak Dev founds Sikhism and the city of Amritsar
1497 ADBabur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur, becomes the ruler of Ferghana and founds the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
1498 ADThe Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches India
1509 ADPortugal conquers Diu and Goa in India
1509 ADThe Vijayanagar kingdom reaches its zenith under Krishna Raja
1526 ADBabur captures Delhi from Ibrahim, the sultan of Delhi, and founds the Mogul empire in India
1530 ADBabur dies and his son Humayun succeeds him
1534 ADPortugal acquires Bombay
1539 ADViswanatha founds the Nayak dynasty with capital in Madurai (south India)
1540 ADBabur's son Humayun loses the empire to Afghan Leader Sher Shah and goes into exile in Persia
1550 ADThe Jain complex at Palitana
1555 ADThe Mogul king Humayun reconquers India
1556 ADThe Mogul king Humayun dies and his son Akbar becomes the ruler of India
1562 ADAkbar marries Padmini, a Hindu princess of the Rajaputana kingdom
1565 ADFour Muslim kingdoms ally to destroy the Vijyanagar kingdom at the battle of Talikota
1565 ADMysore, a former Vijayanagar principality, becomes independent under the Wodeyars
1600 ADThe British East India Company is established.
1605 ADAkbar dies and is succeeded by his son Jahangir
1617 ADJahangir's son, prince Khurram, pacifies the southern states and receives the title of Shah Jahan
1623 ADThirumala Nayakan brings Madurai to its maximum glory
1627 ADShivaji (Sivaji) founds the Maratha kingdom
1627 ADJahangir dies and Shah Jahan succeeds him
1631 ADShah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal
1639 ADBritain acquires Madras from the raja of Chandragiri
1649 ADThe Vijayanagar empire dissolves
1658 ADShah Jahan's son Aurangajeb overthrows the government and seizes power
1665 ADBritian acquires Bombay from Portugal
1672 ADFrance settles Pondicherry
1688 ADThe Moguls complete the conquest of India
1690 ADBritain acquires Calcutta
1699 ADGuru Gobind Singh creates the Sikh armed wing of the Akalis
1707 ADAurangjeb dies, destabalizing the Mogul Empire
1710 ADFrom the Mogul empire a number of kingdoms arise: Sikhs (Punjab), Rajputs (Rajasthan), and Marathas (West India)
1713 ADThe prime minister (peshwa) of Maratha, Balaji Vaishvanath, becomes the real ruler of the Maratha kingdom and the peshwa becomes a hereditary title
1724 ADThe Mogul emperor Asaf Jah retires to become the ruler of Hyderabad
1736 ADThe Nayak dynasty ends in south India (Madurai is bought by the British)
1738 ADPersian general Nader Shah invades India and captures Delhi
1747 ADNader Shah is assassinated
1751 ADBy capturing the town of Arcot from the French, Britain becomes the leading colonial power in India
1757 ADAt the battle of Plassey the East India company defeats France and gains access to Bengal
1758 ADThe Marathas conquer Punjab
1761 ADThe Marathas rule over most of northern India
1761 ADAfghani invaders led by Ahmad Durani defeat the Marathas at Panipat, thus starting the decline of the Maratha empire
1764 ADBritain expands to Bengal and Bihar
1769 ADA famine kills ten million people in Bengal
1773 ADWarren Hastings, governor of Bengal (India), establishes a monopoly on the sale of opium
1776 ADThe Marathas conquer Mysore
1794 ADThe Marathas conquer Delhi
1802 ADThe Sikh maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes the Sikh kingdom with political capital in Lahore and religious capital in Amritsar
1803 ADBritain takes Delhi from the Marathas
1815 ADCeylon is occupied by the British, who ferry Tamil workers from India
1816 ADNepal becomes a British protectorate
1849 ADBritain annexes the Sikh kingdom of Punjab
1853 ADThe British build the first Indian railway
1857 ADIndian rebels begin the first war of independence
1858 ADPower on the Indian colony is transferred to the British government
1862 ADBahadur Shah II dies, the Mogul dynasty ends and India becomes a British colony
1882 ADMirza Ghulam Ahmed founds in Punjab the Islamic missionary movement of the Ahmedis who oppose jihad, believe that Jesus died in Srinagar and call for a non-violent Islam
1885 ADThe Indian National Congress is founded
1904 ADBritish troops occupy Tibet
1906 ADThe All-India Muslim League is founded
1913 ADThe 13th Dalai Lama proclaims Tibet an independent country
1916 ADThe Lucknow Pact unites the Congress and the League in their fight for independence from Britain
1920 ADMahatma Gandhi founds the non-violent liberation movement Satyagraha
1921 ADJawaharlal Nehru is arrested for civil disobedience
1921 ADOnly 13% of Indian men and 1.8% of Indian women can read and write
1921 AD156,000 British citizens rule over 306 million Indian subjects
1922 ADGandhi is imprisoned following terrorist acts against the British
1923 ADBritain recognises Nepal's independence
1927 ADMaulana Muhammad Ilyas founds in India the Tablighi, up a missionary movement to spread orthodox Islam worldwide
1930 ADAllama Iqbal calls for a separate homeland for the Muslims
1930 ADGandhi unleashes "civil disobedience" against the British
1933 ADThe 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet dies
1933 ADThe term Pakistan is coined to denote the country of Punjabi, Afghani, Kashmiri, Sini and Baluchistani people
1937 ADFirst elections are held, won by Congress
1940 ADTenzin Gyatso becomes the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet
1942 ADNehru replaced Gandhi as the recognized leader of the National Congress party
1944 ADGandhi is released from prison
1947 ADLord Mountbatten announces the partition of the colony in two independent countries, India and Pakistan
1947 ADOne million people die in communal violence due to the partition
1947 ADFollowing rioting by the Muslim majority in Kashmir, Pakistani troops attack India and occupy part of Kashmir
1947 ADJawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of India
1947 ADTibet requests India to return land annexed by India as part of several Indian states
1948 ADMahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist
1948 ADMuhammed Ali Jinnah, the prime minister of Pakistan, dies and is succeeded by Liaquat Ali Khan
1948 ADIndia refuses to allow the plebiscite in Kashmir and Kashmir separatism is born (40,000 people will die in 55 years)
1948 ADCeylon becomes independent and the government of Don Stephen Senanayake revokes the citizenship of the Tamil minority
1949 ADTo quell an uprising, India invades the independent country of Sikkim
1949 ADIndia signs a treaty with Bhutan to conduct its foreign policy
1950 ADMao's China invades Tibet
1951 ADPakistan's leader Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated, while general Muhammad Ayub Khan is appointed chief of the army
1952 ADIndia holds the first general elections, won by the Congress Party
1954 ADThe USA becomes the main provider of military goods and training for Pakistan
1955 ADPolygamy is abolished in India
1956 ADPakistan enacts a new constitution and becomes an Islamic republic
1956 ADPrime minister Nehru of India fosters a neutral stance between communism and capitalism and founds the Non-Aligned Movement
1956 ADThe Sinhalese nationalist (and buddhist) party gains power and Solomon Bandaranaike becomes prime minister
1957 ADIndia annexes Kashmir
1958 ADGeneral Ayyub Khan takes over Pakistan's government in a coup
1959 ADA Tibetan uprising against the Chinese fails in Lhasa and the Dalai Lama flees Tibet (87,000 Tibetans killed)
1959 ADSolomon Bandaranaike is assassinated by a Buddhist monk and is succeeded by his widow, Sirimavo
1960 ADKing Mahendra seizes power in Nepal
1961 ADPakistani president Ayub Khan signs a cooperation pact with the USA to counterbalance Soviet influence in India
1961 ADIndia invades the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu
1962 ADPakistan signs a border treaty with China
1962 ADIndia fights and loses a border war with China in Assam
1963 ADKumar Patel invents the laser
1964 ADIndian prime minister Nehru dies
1965 ADIndia and Pakistan fight another war over Kashmir
1966 ADIndira Gandhi, daughter of Nehru, becomes prime minister of India
1969 ADPakistani leader Ayyub Khan is succeeded by another general, Yahya Khan
1970 ADThe secessionist Awami League led by Sheik Mujibur Rahman wins the elections in East Pakistan
1971 ADDefended by India, East Pakistan separates from West Pakistan and becomes the independent country of Bangladesh under the rule of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1971 ADThe Sinhalese Maoist Janata Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) movement foments political riots
1972 ADKing Mahendra of Nepal dies and is succeeded by Birendra
1972 ADCeylon changes its name to Sri Lanka and becomes a socialist republic
1973 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes prime minister of Pakistan
1973 ADBalochistan rebels against Pakistan
1974 AD28,000 people die in floods in Bangladesh
1974 ADPakistan recognizes Bangladesh
1974 ADIndia detonates an underground nuclear weapon
1974 ADSikkim votes overwhelmingly to join India
1975 ADBangladesh's leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is assassinated in a military coup led by general Zia Rahman
1975 ADIndia annexes Sikkim
1975 ADEmbroiled in scandals, Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency, under which her political foes are imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under censorship
1976 ADTo curb population growth, Indira Gandhi initiates a program of forced sterilization
1976 ADIndia's prime minister Indira Gandhi signs a cooperation pact with the Soviet Union
1976 ADThe Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam is founded to protect the rights of the Tamil minority and wins the elections in Tamil-dominated regions
1977 ADBangladesh enacts a new constitution and becomes an Islamic republic
1977 ADPakistan quells the rebellion in Balochistan (after 8,000 people died)
1977 ADThe corrupt government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is overthrown by a military coup led by general Zia ul-Haq, a Muslim fundamentalist who reinstates public hangings, death by stoning and public beatings according to Islamic law
1978 ADThe Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China is opened, thereby increasing trade and military cooperation between the two countries
1978 ADSri Lanka becomes a presidential republic and Junius Richard Jayawardene is appointed president replacing prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike with Ranasinghe Premadasa
1978 ADThe Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) conducts the first terrorist attack in Sri Lanka
1979 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto is hanged
1980 ADUS uses Pakistan to help rebels fighting the Soviet Union in Afghanistan
1981 ADBangladesh's leader Rahman Zia is assassinated in a military coup
1982 ADBangladesh is ruled by general Ershad, an Islamic fundamentalist who eventually declares Islam as the state religion
1983 ADThe Tamil issue becomes a military issue after confrontation between Tamil tigers and the army leaves hundreds dead
1984 ADWhile fighting the Sikh secessionist movement of Jarnail Singh Bindranwale, Indian troops enter the holy Sikh shrine of the "Golden Temple"
1984 ADIndira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh bodyguards and is succeeded by her son Rajiv
1984 ADA leak at the Union Carbide pesticides plant in Bhopal causes 14,000 deaths
1985 ADSikh militants plant a bomb on an Air India flight out of Canada killing all 329 passengers
1986 ADIndia rigs Kashmir elections and Kashmir separatists takes up arms
1987 ADFirst suicide bombing by a Tiger in Sri Lanka
1987 ADIndia deploys troops in Sri Lanka in a peacekeeping mission
1987 ADIndia sends a peace-keeping force to broker a truce between the army and the Tamil tigers (1,200 Indian soldiers will die)
1987 ADThe Tamil Tigers start using suicide bombers
1987 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with Iran to sell nuclear secrets
1988 ADPolitical violence claims the lives of thousands in Sri Lanka before and after national elections
1988 ADAn Indian ferry capsizes on the Ganges River, killing over 400 people
1988 ADZia, the US ambassador and top Pakistan army officials die in mysterious air crash
1988 ADZulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir wins the general elections in Pakistan
1988 ADMillions of people are left homeless during massive floods
1989 ADRanasinghe Premadasa is elected president of Sri Lanka
1989 ADRajiv Gandhi is the first Indian prime minister to visit Pakistan
1989 ADTibetans revolt against the occupying Chinese troops and hundreds are killed
1989 ADThe separatist group Hizbul Mujahideen is founded in India-controlled Kashmir
1990 ADIndian troops withdrawn from Sri Lanka
1990 ADBenazir Bhutto is removed from prime minister of Pakistan, on charges of incompetence and corruption, and is succeeded by Nawaz Sharif
1990 ADPakistan funds and arms Islamic volunteers to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan
1990 ADIslamic terrorism in Kashmir increases against the Indian occupying troops
1990 ADIndian troops leave Sri Lanka
1990 ADthe All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) is founded by Lalit Debbarma to fight for Tripura's secession from India
1991 ADNepal holds its first democratic elections that herald an age of political instability (eleven governments in eleven years)
1991 ADThe Indian army attacks Sikh strongholds in Punjab killing more than 3,300 civilians
1991 ADRajiv Gandhi is assassinated by Tamil separatists and succeeded by Narasimha Rao
1991 ADIn Bangladesh, president Ershad is sentenced to jail for corruption and Begum Khaleda Zia, widow of Zia Rahman, becomes prime minister
1991 ADA tsunami kills 138,000 people in Bangladesh
1991 ADIndia liberalizes its protectionist economy
1992 ADHindu extremists destroy a mosque in Ayodhya
1992 ADTamil tigers kill dozens of Muslims in Sri Lanka
1993 ADMuslims and Hindus riot in Bombay (800 people died)
1993 ADMuslim terrorists detonate several bombs in Mumbai killing 250 people
1993 ADBenazir Bhutto wins national elections again in Pakistan
1995 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with North Korea to sell nuclear secrets
1993 ADA bombing campaign by Tamil rebels in Sri Lanka kills even president Premadasa
1993 ADA bomb destroys the Bombay stock exchange
1994 ADMuslim separatists plant bombs in Kashmir, killing dozens
1994 ADChandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga is elected president of Sri Lanka and appoints her mother Sirimavo Bandaranaike as prime minister
1995 ADThe Nepal Communist Party begins an armed insurrection in Nepal
1995 ADAbdul Wadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's Atomic bomb, begins contacts with Libya to sell nuclear secrets
1995 ADAzam Tariq, a Pakistani Sunny cleric leader of the pro-Taliban party Sipah-i-Sahaba, publicly calls for attacks on Shiites in Pakistan
1996 ADPakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is removed again on charges of corruption
1996 ADPakistan helps the Taliban overthrow the Afghan government
1996 ADSheikh Hasina Wajed, the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wins the elections in Bangladesh
1996 ADTamil rebels bomb the capital of Sri Lanka
1996 ADThe Nationalist Party wins the election and Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes prime minister
1997 ADThe Muslim League wins general elections in Pakistan
1997 ADNawaz Sharif is elected prime minister of Pakistan
1998 ADPakistan provides North Korea with nuclear technology in exchange for missile technology
1998 ADIndia and Pakistan conduct nuclear tests
1998 ADMassive floods in Bangladesh
1998 AD211 die in a train collision in the Punjab
1998 ADA Muslim fundamentalist, Tablighi Muslim Rafiq Tarar, is elected president of Pakistan
1999 ADBenazir Bhutto is sentenced to jail in absentia
1999 ADEscalation of violence in Kashmir between Indian troops and freedom fighters backed by Pakistan
1999 ADPakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif is overthrown in a military coup led by general Pervez Musharraf
1999 ADA cyclone devastates the Indian state of Orissa killing 10,000 people
1999 AD285 die in a train collision near Calcutta
1999 ADThe world's largest Tibetan tangka is completed (a 1,500 square meter, 1,000 kg scroll)
2000 ADThe population of India is one billion
2000 ADThe Tamil leader Velupillai Prabhakaran offers peace talks to the Sri Lankan government
2001 ADKing Birendra of Nepal and his entire family are killed by a crown prince, and Gyanendra becomes the new king
2001 ADKing Gyanendra declares a state of emergency after dozens are killed by Maoists
2001 ADAn earthquakes kills 30,000 people in the Indian state of Gujarat
2001 ADSkirmishes between the Indian and Bangladeshi armies leave 20 soldiers dead
2001 ADThe Islamic government of Afghanistan destroy the century-old Buddha statues of Bamiyan
2001 ADPakistan helps the US fight the Taliban in Afghanistan
2001 ADMuslim separatists attack the Parliament in New Delhi
2001 ADSeveral bombs kill more than 30 people in Bangladesh
2001 ADKhaleda Zia wins the election in Bangladesh
2001 ADRanil Wickremesinghe wins Sri Lanka's elections and becomes prime minister after campaigning on a peace platform
2001 ADThe Kumbh Mela pilgrimage at Allahabad draws at least 20 million pilgrims
2002 ADRaids by Maoist rebels leave 127 people dead in Nepal
2002 ADFollowing the burning of a train by Muslim cleric Maulana Hussain Umarij, ethnic rioting erupts in Gujarat that kills 1,000 people, mainly Muslims
2002 ADPeace talks begin between Sri Lanka's prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and the Tamil rebels (the civil war has killed over 64,000 people)
2002 ADIslamic militants increase attacks on Kashmir and other Indian states
2002 ADThe first democratic elections are held in Pakistan since 1999 and Zafarullah Khan Jamali becomes prime minister
2003 ADIslamic terrorists attack a Shiite mosque and kill nine people
2003 ADIslamic terrorists execute up 24 Hindu civilians in Kashmir
2003 ADIndia vaccinates 165 million children to eradicate polio
2003 ADTripura separatist rebels kill 22 Bengali villagers
2003 ADMembers of the Sunni terrorist group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi kill eleven police officers of the Shia community in Baluchistan, Pakistan
2003 ADA ferry capzised in Bangladesh killing over 400 people
2003 AD34 people are killed by separatists in northeastern India
2003 AD46 people are killed in two bomb attacks in Bombay by the Islamic group "Students Islamic Movement of India" (SIMI)
2003 ADAzam Tariq, a Pakistani Sunny cleric leader of the pro-Taliban party Sipah-i-Sahaba, is killed
2003 ADPakistani president Pervez Musharraf survives two assassination attempts
2004 ADPakistan's top nuclear scientist, Abdul Qadeer Khan, confesses on tv that he helped Iran, Libya and North Korea acquire nuclear technology
2004 ADThe war between Maoist rebels and the Nepalese army leaves hundreds of people dead
2004 ADThe party of Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga wins elections in Sri Lanka against the party of prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and Mahinda Rajapakse is appointed prime minister
2004 ADPakistan carries out a 12-day military offensive in South Waziristan on the border with Afghanistan to dislodge Al Waeda and Taliban fighters
2004 ADDespite an economic boom, a third of Indians live on less than a dollar a day
2004 ADthe Congress Party wins national elections but its leader, Italian-born Sonia Gandhi, lets Manmohan Singh, a Sikh, become India's new prime minister
2004 ADBangalore has 150,000 software engineers, more than the Silicon Valley in California
2004 AD29 Indians are killed in Kashmir by a bomb planted by Islamic separatists
2004 ADA ferry sinks in Bangladesh killing about 160 people
2004 AD43 Shiite Muslims are killed during a religious festival in Pakistan by Sunni extremists of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (march) and a bomb blast kills 15 people at a Shia mosque in Karachi (may) in retaliation for the killing of a top Sunni Muslim cleric, Mufti Nizamuddin Shamzai
2004 ADBomb blasts at a Sunni gathering kill 39 people in Pakistan and bomb blasts at a Shia mosque kill 19
2004 ADMaoist rebels control 68 of Nepal's 75 districts
2004 ADTen people are killed in a bomb blast in Quetta, Pakistan
2004 ADTsunamis caused by one of the strongest earthquakes in history (9.0 magnitude) kill thousands in Southeast Asia
2005 ADMore than 30 people are killed in a bomb blast at the Fatehpu shrine in Pakistan
2005 ADChina and India sign a treaty in which China gives up any claim on the state of Sikkim
2005 ADA bomb blast at a Muslim shrine in Pakistan's capital Islamabad kills at least 20 people
2005 ADRebels throw rockets at president Musharraf in Balochistan
2005 ADAn bomb by Hizbul Mujahideen kills nine Indian soldiers in Kashmir
2005 ADPakistan expels foreign Islamic students, who frequently support terrorism
2005 ADPakistan launches its first long-range nuclear-capable missile and its first cruise missile
2005 ADSri Lankan foreign minister Lakshman Kadirgamar is assassinated by members of the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE)
2005 AD350 bombs planted by Islamic fundamentalists of Jamayetul Mujahedin detonate in Bangladesh
2005 ADTamil Tiger rebels in Sri Lanka agree to hold direct talks with the government
2005 ADAsif Chotto, head of the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi that killed hundreds of Pakistani shiites, is arrested
2005 ADBombs set by Kashmiri militants of Lashkar-e-Toiba kill 59 people in New Delhi
2005 ADMaoists (Naxalites) kill 24 police officers in India
2005 ADMuslims in Sangla Hill (Punjab) destroy two Catholic churches and two schools because they think that someone has burned a copy of the Quran
2005 ADSri Lanka's prime minister Mahinda Rajapakse wins presidential elections
2005 ADSeven people are killed by Islamic terrorists of Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen in Bangladesh, the first suicide bombing in the country's history
2005 AD900 people are killed in 2005 in violence related to the Maoist insurgency of the Naxalites
2006 AD23 shiites are killed by a suicide bomber in Pakistan
2006 ADMaoists (Naxalites) kill 25 people in India
2006 ADBangladesh arrests Abdur Rahman, leader of terrorist organization Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen
2006 ADThe USA and India sign a nuclear agreement
2006 ADBombs kill more than 20 people in Varanasi
2006 AD25 Muslims are killed in Pakistan during fights between rival factions
2006 AD47 people are killed in a suspected suicide bomb attack at a Sunni religious gathering in Karachi, Pakistan
2006 ADMassive pro-democracy protests in Nepal
2006 ADIslamists kill 35 hindus in Kashmir
2006 ADTamil Tiger rebels sink a Sri Lanka navy gunboat in a sea battle that leaves at least 45 people dead
2006 AD58 people die when a bus hits a landmine in Sri Lanka
2006 ADPakistan kills 25 Baloch rebels of Nawab Akbar Bugti's militia
2006 ADMultiple terrorist bombs in Mumbai kill more than 200 people
2006 ADGovernment troops and Tamil Tiger rebels fight on three fronts in Sri Lanka despite the 2002 ceasefire agreement