Saturday, 3 January 2015

GK CODE BY YOGESH KUMAR YADUVANSHI I

bfrgkl
izkphu bfrgkl ds L=ksr] izkxSfrgkfld dky]
fla/kq ,oa oSfnd lH;rk
·            fdl dky [k.M dks *Qyd laLd`fr* dh laKk nh tkrh gS \
e/;&iwoZik"kk.k dky
·            e/;ik"kk.k dky dh tkudkjh 1867 bZ- esa loZizFke fdlus izLrqr dh \
lh-,p- dkykZby
·            /kku dh [ksrh dk izkphure izek.k fdl LFky ls izkIr gqvk \
dksyfMgok
·            uoik"kk.k dky ds laca/k esa lR; dFku gS % nf{k.k Hkkjr esa bl dky dh frfFk 2500 bZ-iw- ds chp fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gS] bl dky esa ekuo [kk| inkFkksZa dk mRiknd cu pqdk Fkk vkSj bl dky esa gkFk ,oa pkd ls crZu dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA
·            i'kqikyu dk izkphure lk{; izkIr gqvk gS %
ckxksj ls
·            fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh fo’kky Lukukxj fdl LFky ij ik;k x;k gS\
eksgu tksnM+ksa
·            Hkkjr esa pkanh dh miyC/krk ds izkphure lk{; feyrs gSa %
gM+Iik laLd`fr esa
·            fczfV’k dkyhu Hkkjr esa [kkstk x;k lcls igyk iqjkuk 'kgj Fkk%
gM+Iik
·            pjd fdlls lacaf/kr gS \
vk;qosZn
·            loZizFke fdl bfrgkldkj us ;g fopkj O;Dr fd;k Fkk fd vk;ksZa us Hkkjr esa if’peksRrj ls izos’k fd;k vkSj gM+Iik laLd`fr dks u"V fd;k
Ââhyj
·            jsok ¼ueZnk½ unh dk mYys[k fdl xzUFk esa feyrk gS \
,srjs; czká.k esa
·            lwDrksa ds L=h jpf;rkvksa esa %                                           yksikeqnzk] ?kks"kk] 'kph] ikSykseh vkSj dk{kko`fRr izeq[k gSa
·            _Xosn dky esa turk eq[;r;k fdl esa fo’okl djrh Fkh \
cfy ,oa deZdk.M
·            Hkkjr esa vkus dk lgh dkykuqØe gS % uxj&laLd`fr] yksgs dk gy] vkgr eqnzk pk¡nh ds flDds] lksus ds flDds
·            fla/kq ?kkVh esa [kkstk x;k lcls igyk iqjkuk 'kgj dkSu Fkk \
gM+Iik
·            gM+Iik lH;rk dh [kkst fdl o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh \
1922
·            fla?kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh eq[; fo’ks"krk Fkh %
O;ofLFkr 'kgjh thou
·            fla/kq?kkVh ds ?kj] fdlls cuk, tkrs Fks \
bZaV
·            _Xosn dky ds nkSjku fdldh tkudkjh Fkh \
d`f"k
·            /kkrq ls cus flDds lcls igys izdV gq, Fks %
mRrj oSfnd dky esa

egktuinksa dk mn;] tSu&ckS) ,oa vU; /keZ] egkdkO;ksa] lw=ksa rFkk Le`fr;ksa  
dk ;qx] ex/k lkekzT;] fldUnj dk Hkkjr ij vkØe.k

·            tSu lkfgR; dks D;k dgrs gSa\
vax
·            egkohj dk izFke f’k"; dkSu Fkk\
Tekyh
·            cq) ds izFke izopu dks dgk tkrk gS %
/kEepDdicRrulqRr
·            lkjukFk esa cq) dk izFke izopu dgykrk gS%
/keZpØizorZu
·            egkohj ,oa cq) nksuksa us fdlds 'kklu dky esa mins’k fn;k\
fcfEclkj
·            egkRek cq) us viuk igyk */keZpØ izorZu* fdl LFkku ij fn;k Fkk\                                                   lkjukFk esa
·            *vkthfodk* ,d laiznk; Fkk %
cq) dk lelkef;d
·            tSu /keZ esa iakpoka vk;ke fdlus tksM+k \                                 egkohj us ik’oZukFk ds pkj vk;keksa czáp;Z tksM+k FkkA
·            izFke 'krh bZ-iw- esa tSu /keZ dks fdldk laj{k.k feyk \                                               dfyax ds jktk [kkjosy dk
·            cq) dk izfl) f’k"; vkuUn Fkk %
fyPNfo
·            tSu /keZ esa *iw.kZKku* ds fy, D;k 'kCn gS\
dSoY;
·            e`xnko ¼lkjukFk½ esa cq) }kjk fn;k x;k izFke mins’k fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
/keZpØ izorZu
·            *ft;ks vkSj thus nks* fdlus dgk\
egkohj Lokeh
·            ckS) lkfgRl fy[kk x;k%
ikfy esa
·            ex/k dh izFke jkt/kkuh dkSu&lh Fkh\
fxfjczt ¼jktx`g½
·            ex/k dk dkSu&lk jktk fldUnj egku~ ds ledkyhu Fkk\
?kukuUn
·            fdl 'kkld }kjk loZizFke ikVfyiq= dk jkt/kkuh ds :i esa p;u fd;k x;k\
mn;u }kjk
·            Hkkjrh; lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa nh?kZ fudk; D;k gS\                                           ikfy esa ,d izeq[k ckS) xzaFk
·            fdl nsork dh mikluk rfeyksa us lcls igys 'kq: dh Fkh] rfeyksa ds lcls izkphu nsork dkSu Fks\
eq:xu
·            Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk {ks= ,d le; vofUrdk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk\
ekyok
·            fldUnj egku dk f’k{kd dkSu Fkk\
vjLrw
·            ckS)/keZ us lekt ds nks oxksZa dk vius lkFk tksM+dj ,d egRoiw.kZ izHkko NksM+kA ;s oxZ Fks %
fL=;ka ,oa 'kwnz
·            izkjafHkd ckS) /keZ&xzaFkksa dh jpuk fdles dh xbZ Fkh\
ikfy ikB
·            og 'kkld dkSu Fkk ftlus jkt flagklu ij cSBus ds fy, vius firk fcfEclkj dh gR;k dh Fkh\
vtkr'k=q
·            tSu/keZ rFkk ckS)/keZ nksuksa gh fdlesa fo’okl ugha djrs gSa \
tkfr O;oLFkk
·            ,ysDtsaMj ¼fldanj½ vkSj iksjl ys yM+kbZ yM+h Fkh %
gkbMsLiht esa
ekS;Z lkezkT;] ekS;ksZÙkj dky % 'kqax] d.o] lkrokgu]
'kd rFkk ig~yo] psfn oa’k] Hkkjr ij fgUn&;ou vkØe.k]
Hkkjr ij ;wukuh vkØe.k dk izHkko] d`"kk.k oa’k] laxe ;qx
·            izkphu fgUnw fof/k dk ys[kd fdldks dgk tkrk gS\
euq
·            r`rh; izHkkl lw= iqLrd lacaf/kr gS%
ikVfyiq=
·            ftlesa ikVfyiq= ds iz’kklu dk o.kZu miyC/k gS] og L=ksr gS %
bf.Mdk
·            lksyg egktuinksa dh lwph miyC/k gS %
vaxqÙkj fudk; esa
·            rfey egkdkO; **f’kyIifndkje** ds jpf;rk Fks %
byaxks vfMxy
·            *eqnzkjk{kl* uked iqLrd dk ys[kd dkSu Fkk\
fo'kk[knÙk
·            fdlus ;wukuh ys[kdksa ds *lS.MªksdksV~Vl* dk lehdj.k panzxqIr ekS;Z ls fd;k\
fofy;e tksEl
·            laxe;qxhu enqjS dk lqUnj fooj.k gS\
ef.kes[kyS
·            fo’kk[knÙk ds izkphu Hkkjrh; ukVd eqnzkjk{kl dh fo"k;&oLrq &     panzxqIr ekS;Z ds le; esa jktnjckj dh nqjfHklaf/k;ksa ds ckjs esa
·            vafre 'kqax jktk nsoHkwfr dh gR;k fdlus dh Fkh\                                                   czká.k ea=h oklqnso d.o us
·            dkSu&lk jktk izk;% turk ds laidZ esa jgrk Fkk\
v'kksd
·            esxLFkuht fdlds njckj esa Fkk\
pUnzxqIr ekS;Z
·            ex/k esa 'kkgh ekS;Z ds Bhd ckn mÙkjkf/kdkjh dkSu Fks\
'kqax
·            ik.M~;ksa dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd dsUnz Fkk%
enqjbZ
·            egku lezkV dfu"d dkSu&ls oa’k ls Fks\
dq"kk.k
·            Hkkjr dk fgUnq dSysU<j fdl ij vk/kkfjr gS\
'kd ;qx
·            foØe laor dc ls izkjaHk gqvk\
57 bZlk iwoZ
·            ekS;ksZa ds ckn nf{k.k Hkkjr esa lcls izHkko’kkyh jkT; Fkk %
Lkrokgu
·            nsoiq= dh mikf/k fdlus /kkj.k dh \
dfu"d us
·            'kd laor~ fdl o"kZ ls 'kq: gqvk \                                                              bZlk dh e`R;q ds 78 o"kZ ckn
·            Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iz;ksx esa vkus okys 'kd&laor~] fdlus izkjaHk fd;k Fkk \
dfu"d
·            bZ- lu~ 78 ls izkjaHk gksus okys 'kd laor~ dk laLFkkid dkSu Fkk
dfu"d
·            *twukx<+ f’kykys[k* dk laca/k fdlls gS \
#nznkeu
·            v'kksd us fdl ckS) lk/kq ls izHkkfor gksdj ckS) /keZ viuk;k \
mixqIr
·            O;kdj.k xzaFk *v"Vk/;k;h* ds jpukdkj dkSu Fks \
ikf.kfu
·            v'kksd us vius lHkh vfHkys[kksa esa ,d:irk ls fdl izkd`r dk iz;ksx fd;k gS \
ex/kh
·            **iq#"kiqj* fdldk nwljk uke gS \
is'kkoj
·            fdl phuh tujy us dfu"d dks gjk;k Fkk\
isu pkvkS
·            jktk [kjosyk fdlds psnh oa’k ds egkure 'kkld Fks\
dfyax
·            Hkkjr esa izFke Lo.kZeqnzk,¡ fdlus pykbZ \
;wukuh
·            fdl ys[kd us loZizFke *lkeUr* 'kCn dk iz;ksx v/khuLFk 'kkld ds vFkZ esa fd;k\
ck.kHkV~V
·            isfjIyl ds vuqlkj if’peh rV ij fLFkr cUnjxkg Fkk %                                            lksikjk] ckjcsfjde] eqftfjl
·            dqrqcehukj ds ikl fLFkr ykSg LrEHk fdl jktk us cuok;k Fkk\
panzxqIr f}rh;
·            ojkgfefgj Fks ,d egku %
[kxksnfon~
·            g"kZo/kZu us 'kklu fd;k Fkk %
7oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku
·            rV eafnj ¼'kksj VsEiy½ fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
rfeyukMq
·            mÙkj&xqIr ;qx esa tks fo’ofo|ky; izfl) gks x;k Fkk]------------Fkk
ukyank
·            igyk Kkr xqIr 'kkld dkSu Fkk \
Jh xqIr
·            lkrokgu vius flDds eq[;r% fdl /kkrq ls cukrs Fks \
lhek
·            Qk&fg;ku fdl 'kklu dky ds nkSjku Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
xqIr 'kklu
·            vtUrk dh fp=dyk d`fr;ksa esa of.kZr dFkkud gS
tkrd
·            xqIr 'kkldkds dh ljdkjh ¼njckjh½ Hkk"kk Fkh %
laLd`r
·            ukyank fo’ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk fdlds }kjk dh xbZ \
dqekj xqIr
·            nsox<+ dk eafnj fdlls lacaf/kr gS \
xqIr 'kkldksa ls
·            fnYyh dh dqOorqy bLyke efLtn ds izkax.k esa mUur izfl) ykSg LrEHk fdldh Le`fr esa gS\
pUnz dh
·            fdl bfrgkldkj us leqnzxqIr dh fot;ksa ls izHkkfor gksdj mls Hkkjrh; usiksfy;u dgdj iqdkjk gS\
oh-fLeFk
·            lezkV g"kZ us viuh jkt/kkuh Fkkusnkj ls dgk¡ LFkkukarfjr dh Fkh
dUukst
·            dkSu&lk jktoa’k gw.kksa ds vkØe.k ls vR;ar fopfyr gqvk\
xqIr
·            âsulkax vkSj Qkáku us--------- ds jkT;ksa dks ns[kkA                                             g"kZ vkSj panzxqIr foØekfnR; Øe'k%
·            /kUorjh Fks %                                                      panzxqIr foØekfnR; ds jktnjckj esa ,d izfl) fpfdRld
·            egkcfyiqje ds jFkksa dk fuekZ.k fdlds 'kklu dky esa gqvk Fkk\
iYyoksa ds
·            iYyoksa dh jkt/kkuh dk uke Fkk
dk¡ph
·            egkcyhiqje ds lkr iSxksM+k fdlds }kjk lajf{kr dyk ds lk{kh gSa\
iYyoksa
·            pkyqD; jktk iqydsf’ku f}rh; dks fdlus ijkftr fd;k Fkk\
ujflag oeZu izFke
·            egkcyhiqje~ esa leqnzrV ij eafnj fdlus cuk;k Fkk\
ujflag oeZu izFke
vjcksa dh fla/k fot;] izkarh; jkT; % e/; ,oa iwohZ
Hkkjr] mÙkjh vkSj if’peh Hkkjr] nf{k.k Hkkjr ds jkT;]
Hkkjr esa rqdhZ dk vkxeu
·            fgUn ¼Hkkjr½ dh turk ds lanHkZ esa *fgUnw* 'kCn dk izFke ckj iz;ksx fd;k Fkk %
vjcksa us
·            iYyo jkT; dh jkt/kkuh Fkh %
dk¡phiqje~
·            pkyqD; dh jkt/kkuh Fkh %
cknkeh
·            ds’ko eafnj ¼gks;ly Lekjd½ dgk¡ fLFkr gS \
dukZVd
·            pksy jktk ftls *xaxbZ dksaM* dgk tkrk gS %
jktsUnz pksy
·            fgtjh laor~ dc vkjaHk gqbZ \
622 bZ-
·            ehuk{kh eafnj dgka vofLFkr gS\
enqjbZ
·            pksy iz’kklu esa *ikfMdkoydwfy* ls rkRi;Z gS % rkykcksa ds j[k&j[kko ds fufeÙk fn;k tkus okyk dj
·            fdl ys[kkd us *okrkZ* dks loZizFke 'kqnz o.kZ dk lkekU;o`fRr fu:fir fd;k gS\
c`gLifr
·            pksy dky esa fufeZr uVjkt dh dkaL; izfrekvksa esa nsokd`fr izk;%
v"VHkqt gS
·            [ktqjkgksa dk dUnfj;k egknso eafnj fdlus cuok;k \
pUnsy
·            pkyqD; oa’k dk lcls egku 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
iqydsf’ku f}rh;
·            mM+hlk esa dks.kkdZ eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlus djok;k Fkk\
ujflag nso izFke
·            vaxdksjokV dk fo".kq eafnj dgk¡ gS\
vEcksfM;k esa
·            jk"VªdwVksa ds lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ izfr}a}h dkSu Fks\
dUukSt ds izfrgkj
·            iky 'kkld /keZiky fdldk iq= Fkk\
xksiky
·            t;nso fdl 'kkld ds njckjh dfo Fks
y{e.k lsu
·            712 bZ- esa vjcksa }kjk foftr izFke Hkkjrh; uxj dkSu Fkk \
nsoy
·            dks.kkdZ eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdlds }kjk djok;k x;k \
iwohZ xax
·            yhykorh iqLrd lacaf/kr gS%
xf.kr ls
·            gsysfcM esa fdlds }kjk HkO; eafnj cuok;k x;k Fkk %
gks;ly
·            fdl xqQk esa f=ewfrZ ¼czák] fo".kq] egs’k½ ds eq[k&e.My dh ewfrZ fLFkr gS\
,yhQsaVk
·            Hkkjr esa *tsgkn* ,oa *cqrf’kdu* 'kCn lcls igys fdlls tqM+k
egewn xtuoh
·            lkseukFk ij vkØe.k dc gqvk Fkk\
1025
·            fdl 'kkld ds 'kklu dky esa egewn xtuch us lkseukFk ds eafnj dks ywVk \
Hkhenso izFke
·            bLyke /keZ ds iSxEcj eksgEen lkgc dk tUe fdl LFkku ij gqvk Fkk\
eDdk
·            bLyke dh LFkkiuk gqbZ %
7oha 'krkCnh esa
·            iatkc ds fgUnq’kkgh jktoa’k dks fdlus LFkkfir fd;k\
efgiky
·            eksgEen xksjh dks lcls igys fdlus ijkftr fd;k\
Hkhe f}rh;
·            eksgEen&fcu&dkfle Fkk %
vjc
·            eqfLye ys[kdksa esa ls fdls laLd`r dk vPNk Kku Fkk \
vy&c#uh
·            eqfLye ys[kd fdl jktiwr jktk dks *bLyke dk lcls cM+ 'k=q* dgrs gSa\
/kax
·            pksy jktkvksa us fdl /keZ dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k \
'kSo /keZ
·            vyc#uh Hkkjr esa fdlds lkFk vk;k Fkk\
egewn xtuh
·            ,yksjk ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fdu 'kldksa us fd;k \
jk"VªdwV
·            fprkSM+ dk *dhfrZ LrEHk* fdlus cuok;k Fkk\
jk.kk dqEHkk
·            c`gís’oj eafnj dgk¡ fLFkr gS \
ratkSj
·            dks.kkdZ dk lw;Z eafnj] [ktwjkgks ds eafnj] vadksjokV vkSj uks=s nse n isfjl tSls okLrq f’kYi ds peRdkjksa esa ls fdldk fuekZ.k bZlk dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa ughas gqvk ]
dks.kkdZ dk lw;Z eafnj
·            738 bZ- esa vjcksa dks ijkftr fd;k Fkk
pkyqD;ksa us
·            fdl jktiwr 'kkld us izfl) 'kgj Hkksiky dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh
jktk Hkkst
·            dkSu&lk 'kgj pksy jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh Fkh \
ratkSj
·            fdl jktiwr jktk us eqgEen xksjh dks igyh ckj gjk;k Fkk\
c?ksy Hkhe
·            fdl pkSy jktk us yadk ¼flagy½ dks igys thrk Fkkk \
jktjkt izFke
·            vf/kdka’k pksy eafnj fdl nsoh@nsork dks lefiZr gS \
f'ko
·            xaxk dks mÙkj ls nf{k.k ys tkus okyk pksyk jktk dkSu&lk Fkk
jktsUnz pksyk
·            pksy jktkvksa dk 'kklu Fkk %
rfeyukMq ij
·            ewyr% ppukek fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k Fkk\
vjch
fnYyh lYrur ds izeq[k oa’k % xqyke oa’k] f[kyth oa’k]
rqxyd oa’k] lS¸;n oa’k] yksnh oa’k] cgeuh ,oa fot;uxj lkezkT;]
Hkkjrh; bLykeh laLd`fr % HkfDr ,oa lwQh vkanksyu
·            lqYrkux<+h ¼fnYyh½ dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh \
bYrqrfe’k
·            xaxksa dh izFke jkt/kkuh Fkh %
dksyj
·            paxst [kku ds usr`Ro esa eaxksyksa us Hkkjr ij fdlds 'kklu esa geyk fd;k\
bYrqrfe’k
·            vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds vkØe.k ds le; nsofxjh dk 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
jkepUnz nso
·            dqrqcehukj dh Å¡pkbZ D;k gS\
288 QhV
·            d`".knso jk; fdlds ledkyhu Fks\
ckcj ds
·            fons’kh ys[kd dk uke crkb;s ftlus fot;uxj lkezkT; ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls o.kZu NksM+k gS %
Qjukvks uwfut
·            ykgkSj esa xtuh oa’k dk vafre 'kkld Fkk %
[kqljks efyd
·            fdl lYrur ds 'kkld us iz’kklu esa Lo;a ?kwl[kksjh dks izksRlkfgr fd;k Fkk\
fQjkst rqxyd
·            *vehj&,&lknk¡* dh fu;qfDr djus okyk izFke lqYrku dkSu Fkk
eksgEen fcu rqxyd
·            xq# ukud dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk \
1469
·            fdlus fnYyh ds vkB lqYrkuksa dk 'kklu ns[kk Fkk \
vehj [kqljks
·            fdlesa igyh ckj nks xqEcnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k\                                                    fldUnj yksnh dk edcjk
·            egewn xtuoh dk njckjh bfrgkldkj dkSu Fkk\
mRch
·            tkSuiqj uxj fdldh dh Le`fr esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k\
eksgEen&fcu&rqxyd
·            ,slk lar ftlus lkr lqYrkuksa ds 'kklu dks ns[kk] vkSj ,slk dfo ftlus vkB lqYrkuksa dk 'kklu ns[kk Øe’k% dkSu gSa \
futkeqíhu vkSfy;k  & vehj [kqljks
·            lYrurdkyhu flDds& thry] 'k’kxuh vkSj Vadk Øe’k% cus gksrs Fks %
rkack] pkanh] pkanh
·            lYrur dky ds vf/kdka’k vehj ,oa lqYrku fdl oxZ ds Fks \
rqdZ
·            rkyhdksVk dk ;q) dc gqvk Fkk\
lu~ 1565 esa
·            vehj [kqljks fdldk njckjh dfo Fkk \
vykmíhu f[kyth
·            fdlus lYrur dky esa izpfyr Mkd O;oLFkk dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k gS\
bCuscrwrk
·            cgeuh jkt dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh %
vykmíhu glu us
·            fdl lqYrku us Qyksa dh xq.koRrk lq/kkjus ds fy, mik; fd,
fQjkst rqxyd
·            fdl 'kkld us igyh ckj lYrur ds fy, iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k \
'kElqn~nhu bYrqrfe’k
·            lYrur dky esa Hkw&jktLo dk loksZPp xzkeh.k vf/kdkjh Fkk %
pkS/kjh
·            fdl bfrgkldkj dks lqYrku eksgEen&fcu&rqxyd }kjk fnYyh dk dkth fu;qDr fd;k x;k\
bCuscrwrk
·            vykbZ njoktk fdldk eq[; }kj gS\
dqrqcehukj
·            dkSu xqy:[kh ds miuke ls dfork,¡ fy[kk djrk Fkk\
fldUnj yksnh
·            dkSu&lk ;k=h fot; uxj lkezkT; ds oSHko ds fooj.k ls lac/k ugha gSa\
bCuscrwrk
·            vehj [kqljks fdl lwQh lar ds f’k"; Fks \                                                 lwQh lar 'ks[k futkeqn~nhu vkSfy;k
·            dkSu&lk 'kkld nkl jktoa’k ls lacaf/kr gS\
bYrqrfe’k
·            dkxt dk Hkkjr esa vkxeu fdl lnh esa gqvk\
13 oha lnh
·            *jktk nSoh vf/kdkj ls* laiUu gS&blls tqyrk fl)kar gS *jktk dh xfjek*                                                 cycu
bl nwljs fl)kar dks izfrikfnr djus okyk izFke eqfLye 'kkld Fkk %
·            fot; uxj jkT; ds laLFkkid Fkk@Fks %
gfjgj vkSj cqDdk
·            fot; uxj lkezkT; dk fgUnw jktoa’k fdldh ijkt; ls lekIr gqvk %                                                    jkejk;
·            Hkkjr esa fpf’p;k lwQh er dks LFkkfir fd;k %
[oktk eqbZuqíhu us
·            pSrU; egkizHkq fdl lEiznk; ls laca/k gSa %
oS".ko
·            HkfDr laLd`fr dk Hkkjr esa iqutZUe gqvk %                                                   ianzgoha vkSj lksygoha 'krkCnh bZ- esa
·            ehjkckbZ ledkyhu Fkha %
pSrU; egkizHkq ds
·            *HkkokFkZ nhfidk* vFkok *Kkus’ojh* dh jpuk fdlus dh \
lar Kkus’oj
·            fdl lar ds dqN vHkax xq#xzaFk lkfgc esa 'kkfey fd, x, gSa\
ukenso
·            jkuh in~feuh dk uke vykmn~nhu ds fprkSM+ fot; ls tksM+k tkrk gS] muds ifr dk uke gS %
jk.kk jru flag
·            ;kno lezkVksa dh jkt/kkuh dgk¡ Fkh \
nsofxjh
·            *fot; LraHk* dgk¡ fLFkr gS \
fprkSM+x<+
·            cgeuh jkT; dh LFkkiuk fdlds }kjk dh xbZ Fkh \
vykmn~nhu glu
·            ;k=h bCucrwrk dgk¡ ls vk;k Fkk\
eksjDdks
·            lar dchj dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk Fkk \
okjk.klh
·            vtesj esa fdl lwQh Qdhj dh njxkg gS\
eqbuqíhu fp’rh
·            Hkkjr esa lcls izeq[k lwQh iwtx`g dgk¡ ij gS \
vtesj
·            fot;uxj ds 'kkldksa esa lcls egku fdls ekuk tkrk gS \
d`".knsojk;
·            fnYyh ds f[kyth lqYrku Fks
rqdZ
·            dqrqc ehukj fdl izfl) 'kkld us iwjk fd;k Fkk \
fQjkst’kkg rqxyd
·            eqxy dky dk igyk Hkkjrh; fgUnh fo}ku Fkk                                                           efyd eqgEen tk;lh
·            ukyank fo’ofo|ky; dks u"V djus okyk eqfLye vkØe.kdkjh Fkk
eqgEen fcu rqxyd
·            esokM+ ds jkt?kjkus ls lacaf/kr izfl) HkfDr lar Fkk@Fkh
ehjkckbZ
·            Hkkjr esa fp’rh vkns’k dks fdlus laLFkkifr fd;k \
'ks[k eksbuqíhu fp’rh
·            o"kZ 1100bZ- esa fufeZr eafnj tks Hkqous’oj ds vU; eafnjksa ij & f=Hkqous’oj fyaxjkt eafnj iz/kkurk j[krk gS] dkSu&lk gS \
·            cgeuh jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh Fkh %
xqycxkZ
·            Lo;a dks *nwljk fldanj* ¼fldanj&,&lkuh½ dgus okyk lqYrku Fkk                                             vykmíhu f[kyth
·            lwQh ijaijk esa *ihj* ls D;k vk’k; gS \
lwfQ;ksa dk xq#
·            paxst [kku us tykmíhu dk ihNk djrs gq, fdlds 'kklu dky esa Hkkjr dh lhekvksa ij vkØe.k fd;k Fkk \
bYrqrfe’k
·            ekdksZiksyks fdl fy, fo[;kr gS\                                                       phu] Hkkjr vkSj ,f’k;k dh ;k=k djus
·            rkfydksVk dh izfl) yM+kbZ dc gqbZ Fkh\
1565 bZ-
·            fdl lqYrku dks [kyhQk ls lEeku oL= izkIr gqvk Fkk \
bYrqrfe’k
'ksj’kkg] eqxyoa’k] ejkBk ,oa fl[k jkT;
·            Hkkjr esa f}rh; vQxku lkezkT; ds laLFkkid Fks%
'ksj’kkg lwjh
·            Hkkjr ds eqxy 'kkld cuus ij tgh:íhu eksgEen us---------- uke j[kkA                                                       ckcj
·            f'kokth dks jktk dc ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k\
1664
·            tgk¡xhj egy fLFkr gS %
vkxjk fdyk esa
·            eqxy iz’kklu esa *eqgrflc* Fkk %                                                                      yksd vkpj.k vf/kdkjh
·            ,d 'kkld us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dks nhokuh iznku dh Fkh] og Fkk                                             'kkg vkye f}rh;
·            f'kokth ds xq: dk D;k uke Fkk \
xq# leFkZ jkenkl
·            o"kZ 1618 esa eqxy njckj ls O;kikj ds fy, Qjeku fdlus izkIr fd;k Fkk \
lj VkWel jks
·            ckcjukek dk vaxzsth vuqokn fdlus fd;k \                                                             felst ,] ,l- csofjt
·            f’kokth dh e`R;q dc gqbZ Fkh \
1680 esa
·            'ksj’kkg lwjh dk edcjk dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
Lklkjke
·            18oha 'krkCnh dk og dkSu fgUnq 'kkld Fkk ftlus nks v’oes?k ;Kkssa dk vk;kstu fd;k Fkk\
is'kok ckth jko izFke
·            dkSu rhu Ýkalhlh ;k=h 1664 esa eqxy njckj esa mifLFkr Fks \
cfuZ;j] FksjuksV] euwph
·            f’kokth ds v"Viz/kku dk tks lnL; fons’kh ekeyksa dh ns[kjs[k djrk Fkk] og Fkk %
lqeUr
·            /keZr dk ;q) fduds chp yM+k x;k\                                                               vkSjaxtsc rFkk nkjkf’kdksg
·            f'kokth dh jkt/kkuh dgk¡ ij Fkh\
jk;x<+
·            fdl eqxy 'kkld dk edcjk Hkkjr esa ugha gS\
tgk¡xhj
·            vdcj dkyhu lSU; O;oLFkk vk/kkfjr Fkh %
eulcnkjh
·            VksMjey us fdl {ks= esa [;kfr vftZr dh Fkh \
HkwjktLo
·            vkSjaxtsc us chtkiqj dh fot; dc dh Fkh \
1686
·            mifu"kn~ dk Qkjlh esa vuqokn fdl eqxy lezkV ds 'kklu dky esa gqvk\
'kkgtgk¡
·            'ksj’kkg lwjh dh e`R;q gqbZ %
dkfyatj esa
·            bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us tgk¡xhj ds njckj esa igys fdldks Hkstk Fkk\                                                    gkWfdal
·            fdl ckn’kkg ds varxZr eqxy lsuk esa lokZf/kd fgUnw lsukifr Fks \                                                  vkSjaxtsc
·            eqerkt egy dk vlyh uke Fkk %
vtqZeUn ckuks csxe
·            fdl eqxy ckn’kkg dks ftUnk ihj dgk tkrk Fkk \
vkSjaxtsc
·            rkulsu dk edcjk gS %
Xokfy;j esa
·            vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa veyxqtkj uked vf/kdkjh       Hkwfe jktLo dk ewY;kadu dk dk;Z Fkk%                                                 vkSj laxzg djuk
·            *jkepfjrekul* ds ys[kd rqylhnkl fdlds 'kklu ls lacaf/kr Fks \                                                       vdcj
·            rktegy dh fMtk;u rS;kj djus okyk okLrqdkj dkSu Fkk \
mLrkn bZlk
·            f’kokth dh ea=hifj"kn~ esa iz/kkuea=h dks D;k dgrs Fks \
is'kok
·            vaxzsth us Hkkjr esa viuh igyh QSDVjh dgk¡ LFkkifr dh Fkh \
lwjr
·            ckcj dh viuh bPNk ls mldk 'ko dgk¡ nQuk;k gqvk gS \
dkcqy
·            f’kokth dk /kkfeZd xq# dkSu Fkk \
jkenkl
·            *#i;k* uked u;k flDdk igyh ckj fdlus tkjh fd;k \
'ksj’kkg lwjh
·            *uwjtgk¡* dk ewy uke D;k Fkk \
esg#fUulk
·            dkSu&lk 'kkld fuj{kj Fkk \
vdcj
·            nkjk f’kdksg us mifu"knksa dk Qkjlh esa vuqokn fdl uke ls fd;k Fkk \                                               fljsZ vdcj
·            1700 bZ- esa jktkjke dh e`R;q ds ckn ejkBksa us eqxyksa ds fo:) ;q) mldh ohj iRuh --------------- ds usr`Ro esa tkjh j[kkA
rkjkckbZ
·            1651 esa eqxyksa }kjk caxky esa fdl LFkku ij bZ- bafM;k dEiuh dks O;kikj djus vkSj QSDVjh cukus dh vuqefr nh xbZ Fkh \
dkfle cktkj
·            gYnh?kkVh dh yM+kbZ fduds chp yM+h xbZ Fkh \                                                          vdcj vkSj jk.kkizrki
·            gqek;w¡ukek dh jpuk fdlus dh \
xqycnu csxe
·            Ýsap bZLV bfM;k dEiuh dk xBu dc gqvk \
1664
·            f'kokth dh jkt/kkuh Fkh %
jk;x<+
·            *pkSFk* D;k Fkk \                                                                      f'kokth }kjk yxk;k x;k ,d ekxZ dj
·            og izfl) tSu fo}ku dkSu Fkk] ftldk vdcj cgqr lEeku djrk Fkk \
gfjfot;
·            *cM+k bekeckM+k* dgk¡ fLFkr gS \
y[kuÅ
·            nhus&bykgh cukus dk ewy mís’; Fkk %
fo'o ca/kqRo
·            gqek;w¡ dks fdl yM+kbZ esa ijkt; dds ckn Hkkjr ls Hkkxuk iM+k Fkk \                                                     dUukSt
·            vkSjaxtsc dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh dkSu cuk \
eqvTte
·            esokM+ ds jk.kk izrki flag dks eqxy lsuk us fdl yM+kbZ esa ijkftr fd;k Fkk \
gYnh ?kkVh
eqxy lkezkT; dk iru] {ks=h; jkT;ksa dk mn;]
Hkkjr esa ;wjksih; okf.kT; dk izkjaHk
·            Hkkjr ls O;kikj izkjaHk djus okys izFke ;wjksfi;u dkSu Fks \
iqrZxkyh
·            vaxzstksa }kjk loZizFke dgok ckxku yxk;s x;s Fks %
fpdeaxywj tuin esa
·            caxky dh og dkSu lh QSDVªh Fkh tks iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh \                                             gqxkyh
·            ml 'kkld dk uke crkb;s ftlus okLdks&Mh&xek dk dkyhdV esa Lokxr   teksfju              fd;k %
·            Hkkjr esa ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa ds izos’k ds lanHkZ esa dkSu&lk dFku     iqrZxkfy;ksa us 1499 lgh ugha gS\                                        esa xksok ij dCtk fd;k Fkk
·            vaxzsth us viuh izFke QSDVªh dgk¡ ij LFkkfir dh Fkh %
eNyhiV~Vue esa
·            vaxzsth us viuk igyk dkj[kkuk nf{k.k Hkkjr esa dgk¡ yxk;k Fkk\                                                   eNyhiV~Vue
·            1717 esa dkSu&ls eqxy lezkV us vaxzstksa dh bZLV bfM;k dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa O;kikj fo’ks"kkf/kdkj iznku djus dk *QekZu* fn;k\
Q#Z[kfl;j
·            vo/k ds Lok;Ùk jkT; ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks \                                                    lkn~r [kku cqjgku&my&eqYd
·            fdlus ehj dkfle rFkk 'kqtkmn~nkSyk ds lkFk feydj vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ij ;q) ?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk vkSj os ckn esa cDlj ;q) esa vaxzstksa ls ijkftr gq, \
'kkg vkye f}rh;
·            igys xksok esa--------------dk 'kklu Fkk %
iqrZxkfy;ksa dk
·            Hkkjr ds leqnzh&ekxZ dh [kkst fdlus dh\
okLdks Mh xkek
·            fdl eqxy ckn’kkg dks cthj xthmn~nhu us fnYyh esa nkf[ky ugha gksus fn;k Fkk\
'kkg vkye f}rh;
·            xksok esa lrh izFkk lekIr djus okyk iqrZxkyh xouZj Fkk\

/otk lR;kxzg

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